# INGLAS GmbH

> Innovative, Global Applied Systems

> Generated by All in One SEO Pro v5.0.3, this is an llms-full.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site.

## Posts

### [Blog](https://inglas.org/blog/)

**Published:** July 2, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

#### Blog

# Tech Blog

#### Company

[About Us](#)

 [Media & Press](#) [Careers](#)

#### Products

API

 [Apps](#)

#### Services

Design

Consultation

Development

#### Connect

 facebook twitter instagram @ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoiY3VycmVudF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiPGg0PkNvcHlyaWdodCAmY29weTsgIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIgRGl2aS4gQWxsIFJpZ2h0cyBSZXNlcnZlZC48L2g0PiIsImRhdGVfZm9ybWF0IjoiY3VzdG9tIiwiY3VzdG9tX2RhdGVfZm9ybWF0IjoiWSJ9fQ==@ \[:en \_i=”0″ \_address=”2.0.0.0″ theme\_builder\_area=”post\_content” /\]\[: \_i=”1″ \_address=”2.0.0.1″ theme\_builder\_area=”post\_content” /\]

---

### [Rockfall Detection Systems for Railways: A Practical Guide for Asset Managers and Engineers](https://inglas.org/rockfall-detection-systems-for-railways-a-practical-guide-for-asset-managers-and-engineers/)

**Published:** June 26, 2026
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

Technical Guide ⏱ 12 min read 🏔 Railway Safety 

Rockfall detection systems for railways monitor exposed cuttings, embankments, and tunnel portals for falling rock, then alert operators so trains can be slowed or stopped before impact. The critical distinction is between systems that monitor (collect data for later analysis) and systems that alarm (trigger action within seconds). For safety-critical railway operations, only real-time alarming protects trains in the moment a rockfall happens.

That distinction decides whether a system prevents an accident or merely documents one. This guide explains the problem, walks through the main detection technologies and where each is strong and weak, and sets out what to look for when specifying a system for an operational line.

The critical question is not whether to detect rockfall, but how fast and how reliably.

 — Key principle for railway safety managers

## Why rockfall is a structural risk to railways, not an occasional nuisance

Railways follow valleys, cut through hillsides, and exit tunnels directly beneath steep, fractured rock. These are precisely the locations where rockfall occurs. The operational exposure is severe for three reasons:

**Reaction time is near zero.** A train exiting a tunnel at 200 km/h covers more than 50 metres per second. A driver who sees an obstruction on the track has no meaningful time to react. Detection has to happen before the train arrives, not when the driver sees the rock.

**Catch fences degrade silently.** Energy-absorbing barriers are rated to fixed energy limits (for example 80 kJ or 100 kJ). Repeated loading from snow, debris, and minor impacts fatigues them. A barrier that performed at installation may not perform after a decade — and there is often no visual indication that its capacity has dropped.

**The exposure is climate-driven and growing.** Freeze-thaw cycles, intense rainfall, and slope saturation are increasing the frequency of spontaneous events. Operators are managing a rising baseline of risk across ageing earthworks.

Ignored, the consequences run from service delays and line closures to derailment and loss of life. The question for any operator with exposed alpine, coastal, or cutting-heavy corridors is not whether to install rockfall detection systems for railways, but how fast and how reliably they respond.

50mper second at 200 km/h

2–4salarm response time

2,500+sensors deployed

3decades of service

## Monitoring vs. alarming: the distinction that matters most

This is the single most important concept when specifying rockfall detection systems for railways, and it is the one most often blurred in vendor literature.

 ⚠ Key distinction**Monitoring** tells you a slope is deteriorating. **Alarming** tells you a rock is on the track *right now*. When you evaluate a system, ask: how many seconds from impact to actionable alarm?

**Monitoring** observes a slope over time. It builds a record of movement, vibration, or displacement that engineers analyse to understand long-term stability. It is valuable for surveying, trend analysis, and predicting where attention is needed.

**Alarming** detects an event as it happens and triggers an immediate response — an SMS to maintenance staff, a signal to a control centre, an automated line closure. Alarming creates action within seconds.

Monitoring tells you a slope is deteriorating. Alarming tells you a rock is on the track now. A safety-critical railway needs the second capability, and many systems marketed for “rockfall monitoring” do not provide it with the speed or reliability that operational safety requires. When you evaluate a system, ask one question first: how many seconds from impact to actionable alarm, and how is that figure proven in the field?

How many seconds from impact to actionable alarm — and how is that figure proven in the field?

 — The question every procurement team should ask first

## The main rockfall detection technologies, compared honestly

Each technology below has legitimate applications. The issue is matching the technology to the job — and continuous, safety-critical alarming on an operational line is a demanding job that exposes the limitations of several otherwise useful approaches. Choosing among rockfall detection systems for railways means weighing these trade-offs against the realities of an operational line, not just a data sheet.

| Technology | Real-time alarm | Weather-proof | Off-grid capable | Event certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Radar** | ✗ Minutes delay | ✓ | ~ Partial | ~ Medium |
| **DFO (Fibre)** | ~ Variable | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ Low |
| **LiDAR** | ✗ | ✗ Rain/fog fail | ✗ Mains needed | ~ Medium |
| **ImpactSentinel™** | ✓ 2–4 seconds | ✓ IP67 | ✓ Solar/battery | ✓ High |

### Radar

Radar measures slope movement remotely and is genuinely useful for wide-area surveying and slow-movement analysis across a hillside.

For real-time railway alarming, two weaknesses matter. First, many radar deployments transmit over 4G/5G or satellite pathways, which can introduce delays of several minutes between event and alert — far too slow for a train. Second, a single hardware fault or alignment problem can take an entire monitored zone offline, with no redundancy. Radar earns its place in analysis. It is not a dependable last-line alarm.

### Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFO)

DFO runs vibration sensing along kilometres of fibre cable, which is attractive for long rail corridors and gives excellent linear coverage.

The weakness is event certainty. DFO has low sensitivity to discrete rockfall impacts and struggles to distinguish a falling rock from passing trains, wind, or other vibration sources. Good coverage, poor confidence that a specific alarm corresponds to a specific rockfall. For continuous safety-critical alarming, that ambiguity is a problem.

### LiDAR

LiDAR produces detailed 3D slope models and is a strong surveying and change-detection tool.

As a primary alarming system it has serious operational limits. Fog, rain, and snow scatter the laser; vegetation distorts readings; it needs frequent calibration; and it draws enough power that continuous operation realistically requires a mains supply, ruling out remote, off-grid, or alpine sites running on battery or solar. LiDAR belongs in survey and analysis, not in the real-time alarm loop.

### Physical barrier-mounted detection

This approach mounts sensors directly on the protective barrier or fence — the exact point where a rockfall makes physical contact. Detection is mechanical and electronic rather than optical or line-of-sight, which removes most of the environmental ambiguity the technologies above struggle with.

Because the sensor sits where the impact happens, there is no question of whether a vibration “might” be a rockfall. The coupling between event and detection is direct. This is the technology class built specifically for real-time alarming rather than adapted from a surveying tool.

## What “good” looks like in rockfall detection systems for railways

#### What a safety-critical system must deliver

- **Speed: a few seconds, proven**Impact-to-alarm measured in single-digit seconds, demonstrated in real deployments — not just data sheets.
- **Redundancy with no single point of failure**Sensor coverage, network paths, and communication channels should all have backups.
- **Independence from weather and visibility**Physical detection works in rain, snow, fog, darkness, and vegetation. Optical systems do not.
- **Operation in remote, off-grid terrain**Low power draw with battery or solar support is non-negotiable for alpine and isolated sites.
- **A real operational track record**Years of continuous service on a comparable mainline tells you more than any specification.

## ImpactSentinel™: rockfall detection systems for railways, engineered for real-time alarming

ImpactSentinel is a wireless rockfall and geohazard sensor — one of the few rockfall detection systems for railways built around exactly these requirements. It combines two complementary detection methods in a single unit: a MEMS module that continuously senses vibration, movement, and tilt, and a patented physical breakage mechanism that triggers an alarm once a defined force threshold is exceeded. Electronic sensing catches gradual movement; mechanical threshold detection catches sudden high-energy impact. Together they detect both slow slope failure and abrupt rockfall with high confidence, even in extreme conditions.

Mounted directly on the protective barrier, ImpactSentinel detects at the point of contact and delivers an alarm within 2–4 seconds — fast enough to support automated line closure and emergency braking. Its triple-redundancy architecture spans sensor coverage, network relays, and communication channels (RF, LAN, GSM, fibre, 3G/4G), so if any component fails, data reroutes automatically. Because detection is physical rather than optical, it is unaffected by rain, snow, fog, darkness, vegetation, or storms. Sealed to IP67, certified CE/UKCA, and rated from −20 °C to +60 °C, it is built for remote alpine deployment on battery or solar power.

When an event is detected, the system notifies designated personnel by SMS, updates a real-time monitoring portal, and drives on-site indicators — a three-tier warning system (green / orange / red) with local sirens for evacuation in serious incidents. Maintenance teams get an informed, immediate basis for action, even at sites with limited connectivity.

 ![ImpactSentinel rockfall detection sensor mounted on a protective barrier fence along a railway corridor](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Rockfall-Monitoring-Sensor.jpeg "Rockfall detection sensor – ImpactSentinel by INGLAS")An ImpactSentinel rockfall detection sensor mounted directly on a protective barrier fence — the same rockfall monitoring sensor technology protecting the Gotthard corridor since 2014.## Proof: the Gotthard corridor, 10+ years in continuous service

ImpactSentinel is not a prototype. It has protected one of Europe’s most strategically important railway corridors for over a decade.

First installed at Gotthard tunnel portals in 2014, the deployment has grown into a network of more than 1,000 sensors across over 200 km of track through the Swiss Alps, in partnership with [Swiss Federal Railways (SBB)](https://www.sbb.ch/en). The system was built to address a specific risk: high-speed trains exiting tunnels into rockfall-exposed alpine terrain with minimal driver visibility and reaction time. Across viaducts, deep valleys, and ridge crossings, it has proven low-maintenance and highly resilient, with a major sensor and firmware refresh in 2023 after nearly a decade of continuous operation.

The system’s resilience has been demonstrated under genuine extremes. During a severe storm and rockfall event along the Axenstrasse corridor in 2024, ImpactSentinel sensors mounted on the protective barrier functioned as the final decision layer in a multi-stage hazard system — recognising the event in real time and triggering the predefined safety protocol despite weather conditions that challenge optical and remote monitoring.

First deployed at Gotthard tunnel portals in 2014 — now protecting over 200 km of mainline track with more than 1,000 sensors.

 — ImpactSentinel™ Gotthard Corridor Deployment

That is the difference between a system that records what happened and one that protects the train.

## Specifying rockfall detection systems for railways: where to start

If you are responsible for an exposed corridor, the practical path is straightforward:

1

**Identify your highest-risk zones**Tunnel portals, steep cuttings, fatigued barriers, and sections with known rockfall history.

2

**Decide what you actually need**Long-term monitoring, real-time alarming, or both. For safety-critical points, alarming is the requirement.

3

**Pilot on a known risk site**A small barrier-mounted network on a high-exposure section produces the operational evidence procurement and engineering teams need.

4

**Validate against your existing infrastructure**How the system integrates with your control centre, SCADA, or existing safety networks.

## Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between rockfall monitoring and alarming?Monitoring collects data about slope movement over time for analysis and trend assessment. Alarming detects a specific event as it happens and triggers an immediate response — such as an SMS alert or automated line closure — within seconds. Monitoring tells you a slope is deteriorating; alarming tells you a rock is on the track right now. For safety-critical railway operations, real-time alarming is the essential capability.

How fast should a railway rockfall alarm be?For operational safety, impact-to-alarm time should be measured in single-digit seconds. A train travelling at 200 km/h covers more than 50 metres per second, so any delay of minutes renders an alarm useless for preventing an incident. ImpactSentinel delivers an alarm within 2–4 seconds of impact — fast enough to support automated line closure and emergency braking.

Does rockfall detection work in snow and fog?It depends on the technology. Optical systems (including LiDAR) and radar-based monitoring are significantly degraded by fog, heavy rain, snow, and vegetation. Physical barrier-mounted detection — where sensors are mounted directly on the protective fence — is unaffected by weather or visibility conditions, because detection is mechanical and electronic rather than line-of-sight.

How long has ImpactSentinel been in service?ImpactSentinel has been in continuous operational service since 2014, first deployed at Gotthard tunnel portals in the Swiss Alps in partnership with Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). The deployment has grown to more than 1,000 sensors across over 200 km of mainline track, with a major refresh in 2023 after nearly a decade of uninterrupted operation.

### Ready to protect your corridor?

INGLAS has protected mainline railway infrastructure in demanding alpine conditions for over a decade. Talk to our engineering team about the right approach for your highest-risk sites.

 [Request Gotthard Case Study →](https://inglas.org/contact/) [Talk to our Engineers →](https://inglas.org/contact/)

**Categories:** Hazard Detection, Impact Sentinel

---

### [Rockfall Detection Compared: Impact Sentinel vs Radar, Fibre Optic & LiDAR](https://inglas.org/rockfall-detection-technologies-compared-why-impactsentinel-sets-the-standard-for-real-time-geohazard-monitoring/)

**Published:** February 23, 2026
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

![Engineers wearing safety helmets and vests install an Impact Sentinel rockfall monitoring sensor on a protective barrier beside a railway track in a mountainous area.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/IMG_2982-1024x768.jpg)

Rockfalls, landslides, and slope failures are increasing across Europe as climate change accelerates extreme rainfall, freeze–thaw cycles, and weather instability. For railways, mountain roads, hydro installations, and public infrastructure, reliable rockfall detection and geohazard monitoring are no longer optional—they’re essential.

Several technologies are promoted for detecting hazardous slope activity: Radar, Distributed Fibre Optic (DFO) systems, LiDAR, and physical barrier-mounted sensors like Impact Sentinel. Each can play a role, but their performance in real-world alpine environments varies dramatically.

This article presents a clear, evidence-based comparison drawn from field deployments, engineering evaluations, and documented system behaviour under extreme conditions.

While some newer technologies promise advanced capabilities, many fall short in real-world, safety-critical conditions. Impact Sentinel, one of the earliest systems deployed for railway rockfall detection, continues to perform year after year thanks to robust engineering, simplicity, and proven reliability.

### **1. Why Real-Time Rockfall Detection Matters** 

A detection system is only useful if it can:

- Trigger immediate alarms
- Operate reliably in storms, snow, fog, and darkness
- Minimise false positives
- Eliminate false negatives
- Remain operational even when components fail
- Communicate across long distances without interruption

In other words, safety-critical infrastructure requires zero-compromise reliability.

This is exactly where traditional technologies fall short—and where Impact Sentinel excels.

### **2. Rockfall Radar Systems: Powerful in Theory, Uncertain in Reality**

Radar is often marketed as a cutting-edge solution for rockfall detection. It can monitor large slopes and detect pre-failure movement or falling objects.

But in real-world alpine environments, radar faces major limitations:

#### **Weather Vulnerability**

Radar performance declines severely in rain, fog, and snow—precisely when rockfall risk is highest. Signal attenuation leads to false positives or, worse, undetected events.

#### **Line-of-Sight Restrictions**

Radar cannot see through:

- Terrain shadows
- Vegetation
- Tunnels or bends
- Large boulders or infrastructure

#### **Environmental Noise**

Wildlife, wind-blown vegetation, trains, and maintenance vehicles all produce radar signatures that trigger false alarms.

#### **Latency and Communication Delays**

Many radar systems rely on 4G/5G or satellite pathways, producing delays of up to 20 minutes. This is not real-time alarming.

#### **Lack of Redundancy**

A single radar hardware issue or alignment problem can disable the entire monitoring zone.

---

#### **Case in Point: Axenstrasse, Switzerland (2024)**

![](https://www.baublatt.ch/storage/images/crop1/152823_1.jpg)Image : Schwyz Civil Engineering Office

During an extreme weather event involving intense rainfall and storm conditions, a significant rockfall occurred along the Axenstrasse corridor. At the time, the site was protected by a multi-stage hazard management system, combining several monitoring technologies as part of a layered safety concept.

Within this setup, Impact Sentinel sensors installed directly on the protective barrier functioned as the final decision layer. Despite the severe weather conditions, the Impact Sentinel system successfully recognised the rockfall and associated geohazard movement in real time.

Upon detection, the system automatically triggered the predefined safety protocol, enabling rapid and reliable protective measures to be enacted without delay.

This event highlights the importance of direct, physical detection at the point of impact, particularly during extreme weather when environmental conditions can challenge remote or observational monitoring technologies. By operating independently of visibility, weather, and line-of-sight constraints, Impact Sentinel provided reliable, real-time alarming when it mattered most.

**Summary:** Radar is valuable for monitoring, but unreliable for real-time alarms.

---

### **3. Distributed Fibre Optic Systems: Excellent Coverage, Poor Event Certainty**

DFO systems monitor vibrations along kilometres of fibre optic cable, appealing for long corridors such as railways.

But DFO technology has critical weaknesses for rockfall detection:

#### **Low Sensitivity for Rockfall Events**

Small rocks often do not generate enough ground vibration to be detected.

#### **High False Positives**

DFO systems frequently misinterpret:

- Wildlife
- Rainfall
- Wind
- Vegetation movement
- Nearby machinery

#### **Single Point of Failure**

A single fibre break (from rock impact, frost, rodents, or equipment) can disable dozens of kilometres of monitoring.

#### **Thermal Drift**

Temperature changes cause signal distortion, requiring constant recalibration.

#### **Spatial Resolution Limits**

The system may detect “something happened” but not precisely where—potentially within several metres.

#### **Unidirectional Sensitivity**

If installed on one side of the track, rockfalls from the opposite slope may not couple energy into the fibre.

---

### **4. LiDAR: High-Tech but Highly Unreliable in Real Environments**

LiDAR’s promise is 3D surface scanning—but for real-time hazard monitoring, it fails where it matters most.

#### **Documented Weaknesses**

- Fog, rain, and snow scatter the laser beam
- Vegetation interference distorts readings
- Requires frequent calibration
- Limited range and inconsistent data

In addition, LiDAR systems have very high power requirements and high cost. Continuous operation requires a permanent mains power supply (approximately 240 V), and LiDAR cannot realistically be operated using batteries or solar power, severely limiting its suitability for remote or alpine locations.

Due to these factors, LiDAR is rarely used as a primary real-time alarming solution for railway rockfall protection today. While costs may decrease over time, LiDAR currently remains a high-cost, high-power technology, best suited to analysis and surveying rather than continuous, safety-critical alarming.

---

### **5. ImpactSentinel™: A Proven, Real-Time Geohazard Alarming System**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Bild1_Fels-1024x768.jpg)

The ImpactSentinel™ is a wireless, combined rockfall and geohazard sensor that incorporates two complementary detection technologies within a single unit.

It integrates a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) module for continuous, real-time monitoring of vibration, movement, and tilt, together with a patented physical breakage mechanism that triggers an alarm once a defined force threshold is exceeded.

By combining electronic sensing with mechanical threshold-based detection, Impact Sentinel delivers a multi-layered detection concept that significantly enhances reliability. This dual approach ensures that both gradual geohazard movement and sudden high-energy rockfall events are detected with high confidence, even under extreme environmental conditions.

Unlike radar, fibre optics, or LiDAR, ImpactSentinel™ is installed directly on the protective barriers or fences—the place where rockfalls make physical contact.

This eliminates ambiguity and ensures perfect coupling between the event and the sensor.

---

#### **5.1 Real-Time Event Detection (2–4 seconds)**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/IMG_0764-768x1024.jpg)

ImpactSentinel™ processes signals instantly and communicates alarms within seconds. This is critical for railway operations and automated closure systems.

---

#### **5.2 Triple Redundancy Architecture**

Impact Sentinel is engineered with:

- Monitoring redundancy (multiple sensors covering each barrier section)
- Network redundancy (multiple relays/base stations)
- Communication redundancy (RF, LAN, GSM, fibre, 3G/4G/5G)

If any component fails, the system reroutes data automatically.

---

#### **5.3 Immune to Weather and Environmental Interference**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/IMGP8286-1024x768.jpg)

Because detection is physical—not optical or line-of-sight—ImpactSentinel™ is unaffected by:

- Rain
- Snow
- Fog
- Darkness
- Vegetation
- Wildlife
- Storms (as demonstrated in Axenstrasse 2024)

---

#### **5.4 Multi-Mode Detection**

Each sensor measures:

- Pull-out displacement (direct barrier breach)
- Impact force (vibration/acceleration)
- XYZ tilt (slow movement, snow load, structural deformation)
- Temperature and health metrics

This ensures extraordinary sensitivity with no documented false negatives.

---

#### **5.5 Long-Distance Communication Reliability**

Impact Sentinel employs:

- Multi-relay RF architecture
- GSM/4G and satellite backup
- Zero data loss across mountain terrain
- Reliable operation in extreme weather
- Autonomous solar-powered nodes

By combining direct physical detection, real-time alarming, and built-in redundancy, ImpactSentinel™ provides infrastructure operators with what matters most — a system they can trust to work when conditions are at their worst.

Impact Sentinel can monitor remote alpine zones where other systems fail.

---

### **6. Comparison at a Glance**

---

| Criteria | ImpactSentinel™ | Radar | Distributed Fibre Optic | LiDAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detection principle | Direct physical sensing on barrier / fence | Remote sensing of slope movement / falling objects | Vibration sensing along fibre cable | Laser-based 3D surface scanning |
| Best at | Real-time event alarming at the point of impact | Area-wide observation and early warning | Long-distance corridor coverage | Surface mapping and analysis |
| Weather resilience | High, because detection is physical rather than optical | Reduced in severe weather | Can be affected by environmental vibration and temperature | Reduced in fog, rain and snow |
| False alarm risk | Lower ambiguity due to direct barrier interaction | Moderate to high in noisy environments | Moderate to high without strong signal interpretation | Can be distorted by environment and vegetation |
| Small-event sensitivity | High sensitivity through pull-out, vibration and tilt sensing | Can miss smaller objects depending on setup | Smaller events may not generate enough signal | Variable depending on visibility and scan conditions |
| Protection function | Yes – paired with physical barriers | No | No | No |
| Redundancy potential | Built around monitoring, network and communication redundancy | Often limited and costly | Single cable can create single-point-of-failure risk | Depends heavily on system design |
| Suitability for remote rail locations | Strong fit for remote and isolated locations | Can be challenging due to power/comms needs | Good corridor reach, but cable vulnerability is a concern | Often difficult due to power and maintenance demands |
| Overall role | Real-time alarming + monitoring | Monitoring / early warning | Monitoring / trend detection | Surveying / analysis |

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

---

### [Real-Time Monitoring of Wall Stability and Degradation](https://inglas.org/tunnel-wall-stability-monitoring-gotthard/)

**Published:** November 25, 2025
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

## **Monitoring Tunnel Wall Stability on the Old Gotthard Line**

The old Gotthard mountain route remains one of Europe’s most historically significant rail corridors. More than a century after its construction, sections of the alignment continue to operate through narrow tunnels and cuttings carved directly into steep alpine terrain.

At one location near Faido, engineers identified a potential vulnerability: a masonry wall separating the twin-track section—one line running through a tunnel, the other exposed outside—showed signs of age-related degradation. A collapse of this wall could send debris onto the active track, posing a direct operational risk.

To better understand the structure’s long-term behaviour, a dedicated monitoring system was installed using Impact Sentinel technology, enabling continuous observation and real-time analysis.

This location has now become part of a long-term wall stability monitoring programme designed to identify early signs of structural movement.

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Tunnel-Monitoring-Rail-1024x768.jpeg)

### **Challenge**

Historic masonry behaves differently from modern reinforced structures. In this case, engineers faced several concerns:

- The **age** of the wall (well over 100 years old)
- Its location between two closely aligned rail lines
- Limited possibilities for reinforcement
- The risk of **progressive structural disintegration** or sudden detachment

Traditional inspections could not reliably detect sub-millimetre movement or identify the early indicators of material weakening. A continuous monitoring strategy was required.

![Impact Sentinel device used for tunnel wall stability monitoring on the Gotthard line](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Gotthard-Tunnel-Monitoring-1024x768.jpeg)Monitoring the stability of the tunnel wall along the old Gotthard line — a key location where structural movement is continuously measured.

### **Tunnel Wall Stability Monitoring Approach**

![Impact Sentinel sensor mounted on stone tunnel wall measuring vibration and structural movement on the Gotthard railway line.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Sensor-in-slope-net-1024x461.jpg)Impact Sentinel sensor mounted on the Gotthard tunnel wall to detect vibration and long-term structural movement.

A series of compact, autonomous sensors were mounted directly onto the stone wall. These units monitor:

- **Tilt movement** – detecting long-term deformation or lean
- **Vibration** – caused by train traffic or external disturbances
- **Pullout conditions** – signalling if part of the wall detaches from its structure

Each sensor transmits scheduled health messages every ~10,000 seconds, capturing baseline movement trends over time. Following any vibration event, the system automatically records and transmits an updated tilt measurement.

A sudden positional shift—such as in a collapse—would produce a distinct signature, immediately triggering an alert.

---

### **Data Interpretation & Tunnel Wall Behaviour**

Most small variations detected to date are attributed not to wall instability, but to **temperature-related expansion or contraction** of the metal mounting brackets. This is typical for historic masonry installations and underscores the importance of long-term trend interpretation.

Establishing accurate alarm thresholds remains a core focus of the programme. The configuration must balance:

- Sensitivity to genuine movement
- Avoiding unnecessary alarms
- Preserving battery life in low-power installations

The project highlights the complexity of evaluating ageing infrastructure and the importance of continuous, expert review of incoming data.

---

## **Operational Value of Tunnel Wall Stability Monitoring**

![Rope-access technician inspecting rockfall protection nets above the Gotthard tunnel portal in Switzerland, supporting Impact Sentinel hazard monitoring.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Tunnel-Monitoring-Impact-Sentinel-1024x768.jpeg)**A rope-access specialist inspects the rockfall protection and tunnel portal on the historic Gotthard line, where Impact Sentinel sensors support long-term structural and hazard monitoring.**

###  

Although the monitored wall has shown minimal meaningful movement so far, the system has delivered major operational benefits:

- **Independent verification** of structural stability
- **Immediate alert capability** if movement or collapse occurs
- **Reliable long-term behavioural data** to support engineering decisions
- **Low-maintenance autonomy**, enabling consistent monitoring in a remote location

The system contributes directly to Swiss Federal Railways’ wider asset-management strategy by providing precise, long-term insight into how historic masonry responds to environmental and operational loads.

---

##  

![Impact Sentinel rockfall sensor mounted on a high-tensile rockfall barrier measuring impact loads and deformation](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/P1020389-1024x768.jpg)Impact Sentinel sensor installed on a rockfall protection barrier, monitoring impacts and barrier deformation in real time.

###  

The Faido tunnel-wall monitoring project illustrates how modern sensing technology can enhance the safety of historic railway assets.
Through continuous tracking of tilt, vibration, and structural movement, the system delivers early warnings and long-term behavioural insights critical for both operational safety and infrastructure preservation.

[Real-time monitoring](https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/) gives operators a clearer understanding of emerging risks—ensuring the enduring Gotthard route remains safe, reliable, and resilient for decades to come.

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

---

### [Smarter Than a Net: Why Passive Rockfall Protection Isn't Enough](https://inglas.org/real-time-rockfall-detection/)

**Published:** July 20, 2026
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

Rockfall Barrier Monitoring

# Smarter Than a Net: Why Passive Rockfall Protection Isn’t Enough

A rockfall barrier can do exactly what it was engineered to do — absorb the impact, hold the debris, protect the track — and still leave one question unanswered: does anyone actually know it happened?

![Rockfall barrier protecting a railway cutting in mountainous terrain](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Axenstrasse-1-scaled.jpg)A passive barrier does its job on impact — but does anyone know it happened?

On this page

1. [The Blind Spot in Passive Protection](#ig-blindspot)
2. [Enhancing Traditional Protection](#ig-enhancing)
3. [How to Retrofit a Barrier](#ig-retrofit)
4. [Why Seconds Matter](#ig-seconds)
5. [Three Forms of Detection](#ig-detection)
6. [Proven in the Field](#ig-proven)
7. [Intelligent Infrastructure](#ig-intelligent)
8. [See It on Your Infrastructure](#ig-demo)
9. [Frequently Asked Questions](#ig-faq)

Key PointFor infrastructure managers, rockfall barrier monitoring is the difference between a structure that silently absorbs an event and one that tells you the moment it has been hit.

---

The Challenge

## The Blind Spot in Passive Protection

Railways and roads are operating in increasingly challenging conditions as extreme weather events grow more frequent, driving greater instability in slopes, cuttings and embankments. Rockfall barriers, nets and fences remain the proven first line of defence. A correctly designed system absorbs energy, slows falling material and prevents debris from reaching the track. For operators overseeing steep cuttings, tunnels and locations with a known rockfall history, passive protection is the right foundation — and for good reason.

WarningBut passive protection has a blind spot: operational visibility. A barrier may successfully catch a rockfall event, yet unless someone witnesses the incident or carries out a physical inspection, operators have no way of knowing it occurred — let alone what caused it or whether the barrier is still performing as intended.

Discovery tends to come later: during a scheduled inspection, through a train driver’s report, or when a maintenance team eventually reaches the location. The consequence is uncertainty. Without active alarming, infrastructure managers don’t know which barriers have taken an impact, or whether they are still capable of doing their job.

![Rockfall debris caught in a barrier net after an impact event](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Rockfall-detection-Barriers.jpeg)An impact absorbed in silence leaves operators guessing until the next inspection.

The Approach

## Enhancing Traditional Protection with Real-Time Rockfall Detection

Removing that delay changes what’s possible. Alerted to an event as it happens, operators can make decisions with better information and less guesswork.

### Build on, don’t replace

Passive protection is well understood and widely trusted, which is exactly what makes it a strong foundation to build on rather than replace. It can be retrofitted with sensors as a targeted addition for specific high-risk or priority locations, extending established netting systems into real-time rockfall detection infrastructure without asking operators to abandon what already works.

### Enhance proven assets

This is particularly relevant as many railway operators continue to manage infrastructure that has evolved over decades. Replacing existing protection systems is rarely practical or economically justified, making retrofit solutions an increasingly attractive way to enhance proven assets with real-time operational awareness.

Implementation

## How to Retrofit a Rockfall Barrier — What It Actually Involves

Understandably, adding detection can raise concerns about disruption. In practice, it rarely does.

ImpactSentinel™ sensors are wireless and battery-powered, designed to mount directly onto existing protective structures: posts, cables, brake elements, fence sections or other suitable locations. Major civil works and extensive cable installation are seldom required.

A straightforward sequence

site assessment

sensor placement

installation

communication checks

commissioning

A retrofit follows a straightforward sequence: site assessment, sensor placement, installation, communication checks and commissioning through the Sensor Actor Module (SAM), or the customer’s own monitoring system. The objective is simple — take existing protection infrastructure and turn it into an active safety asset.

Engineering NoteThe system is deliberately barrier-agnostic, so operators are not tied to a specific manufacturer or structure type.

![ImpactSentinel sensor mounted directly onto an existing rockfall barrier](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/P1020389-scaled.jpg)Wireless, battery-powered sensors mount directly to existing structures — no major civil works.

Speed of Alarm

## Why Seconds Matter in a Rockfall Alarm System

Once in place, sensors do what passive protection alone cannot: actively report the structure’s condition in real time.

ImpactSentinel™ sensors communicate via dedicated sub-GHz radio directly to the base station before alerts are forwarded to operators. Because there is no reliance on third-party networks or cloud processing, alerts typically reach operators within two to four seconds of an event.

2–4s

Alerts typically reach operators within two to four seconds of an event

160km/h

For a train travelling at this speed…

44m

…every second is roughly 44 metres of track

For a train travelling at 160 km/h, every second is roughly 44 metres of track. Earlier awareness gives operators additional time to apply operational procedures, assess the situation and respond before a train reaches the affected section.

The Technology

## Three Forms of Detection in One Sensor

The ImpactSentinel™ system combines three independent forms of detection within a single sensor.

1

### Mechanical pull-out

A mechanical pull-out mechanism provides direct alarming when a structure is physically activated.

2

### Accelerometer

Accelerometer-based detection captures vibration and impact,

3

### XYZ tilt monitoring

while XYZ tilt monitoring tracks movement in the structure over time.

Together, these complementary detection methods enable the system to respond to both sudden high-energy events and gradual structural changes.

Key PointAlerts can be delivered via SMS, email, dashboards or integrated directly into existing operational systems through SAM — providing actionable intelligence rather than simply generating more data.

![Diagram of the ImpactSentinel alarm chain from sensor to operator alert](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Impact-Sentinel-Rockfall-Detection.png)Three detection methods, one sensor, one direct radio path to the operator.

Case Study

## Proven in the Field

ImpactSentinel™ has operated in the Gotthard corridor in Switzerland since 2010 — a demanding railway environment where steep terrain, tunnel portals and limited driver visibility create significant operational challenges. Over more than a decade of continuous operation, the system has demonstrated the value of reliable, real-time monitoring in one of Europe’s most demanding rail environments.

For INGLAS, long-term deployment in a real environment, under real conditions, remains the strongest demonstration of what the technology delivers.

2010

Operating in the Gotthard corridor, Switzerland — over a decade of continuous operation

The Shift

## From Passive Protection to Intelligent Infrastructure

Barriers, nets and fences are increasingly becoming active safety assets rather than passive infrastructure. Strong engineering and well-designed protection systems will always remain fundamental, but operators will increasingly expect faster information, remote visibility and better decision support.

Modern safety systems are shifting from treating monitoring and alarming as external add-ons to embedding them as core components of the protection layer itself.

This is not a choice between passive rockfall protection and active visibility. It is the combination of the two: a physical barrier that stops the rock, and a sensor layer that tells you — within seconds — that it did.

Live Demonstration

## See It on Your Infrastructure

INGLAS runs live demonstrations of ImpactSentinel™ retrofit alarming on real barrier types. To arrange a demonstration for your network, contact the INGLAS team.

Support

## Frequently Asked Questions

What is real-time rockfall detection?Real-time rockfall detection uses sensors mounted on barriers or slopes to alarm operators the moment an impact or movement occurs, rather than relying on scheduled inspections or chance observation. ImpactSentinel™ delivers alerts within two to four seconds of an event.

Can existing rockfall barriers be retrofitted with detection?Yes. ImpactSentinel™ sensors are wireless and battery-powered and mount directly onto existing posts, cables, brake elements or fence sections. The system is barrier-agnostic, so operators are not tied to a specific manufacturer or structure type, and major civil works are seldom required.

How fast does the alarm reach operators?Alerts typically reach operators within two to four seconds, because sensors communicate via dedicated sub-GHz radio directly to a base station with no reliance on third-party networks or cloud processing.

How does a single sensor detect different events?Each sensor combines three independent detection methods: a mechanical pull-out mechanism, accelerometer-based vibration and impact detection, and XYZ tilt monitoring — allowing it to respond to both sudden high-energy impacts and gradual structural movement.

Where has ImpactSentinel™ been proven?ImpactSentinel™ has operated in the Gotthard corridor in Switzerland since 2010, providing more than a decade of continuous real-time monitoring in one of Europe’s most demanding rail environments.

**Categories:** Geohazard Monitoring

**Tags:** geohazard early warning, ImpactSentinel, rail infrastructure safety, retrofit monitoring, rockfall barrier monitoring, rockfall detection, slope protection

---

### [Built for the Extremes: How ImpactSentinel™ Performs Through Record European Heat](https://inglas.org/geohazard-monitoring-extreme-heat/)

**Published:** July 27, 2026
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

Technical Guide ⏱ 6 min read 🏔 Rail Infrastructure & Heat Resilience

Geohazard monitoring in extreme heat has become a frontline concern for Europe’s railways. The hardware meant to catch a rockfall is now exposed to the very conditions most likely to degrade it. So what does “extreme-weather capable” actually require? This article answers that, and shows how ImpactSentinel™ performs against it.

![ImpactSentinel geohazard monitoring sensor deployed on a railway slope in extreme heat](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Impact-Sentinel-Rockfall-Detection.png)An ImpactSentinel sensor deployed on an exposed railway slope — the kind of site where geohazard monitoring in extreme heat has to hold up.## The problem: infrastructure built for a cooler Europe

 Europe’s rail network was largely engineered for a climate that no longer exists in summer. In 2026, however, [successive heatwaves](https://climate.copernicus.eu/) have pushed air temperatures above 44°C in parts of France, Spain, and Germany, and, as a result, national rail operators are cancelling services and reporting track deformation from thermal expansion. Furthermore, a UN Economic Commission for Europe assessment released recently projects a sharp rise in hot days. The network will face 10 to 50 extra days per year above 25°C. In fact, 90% of the European rail network will gain an extra 10 days above 32°C by 2050–2080. This isn’t a future risk. Instead, it’s operational now, and it’s compounding. dry soil from repeated heatwaves absorbs and radiates heat faster than moist ground, meaning each subsequent heat event tends to hit harder than the last. For anyone responsible for extreme heat railway infrastructure, the question is no longer whether monitoring hardware will face these conditions, but how well it holds up when it does.

44°C+Air temps recorded, summer 2026

+10Extra days >32°C for 90% of network

16,000m³German rockfall, 7-week closure

2–4sTrigger-to-alarm, any conditions

 Extreme heat is no longer an edge case to plan around once a decade — it’s a recurring operating condition, and the monitoring hardware has to be rated for it. — The core principle for heat-resilient railway monitoring

## Why geohazard monitoring in extreme heat matters beyond passenger comfort

 Heat stress on infrastructure isn’t limited to buckling rails. Two consequences matter directly for railway geohazard monitoring:

1. **The monitoring hardware itself has to keep working.** Sensors mounted on exposed barriers, cuttings, and slopes sit in direct sun with no climate control. If a system’s thermal tolerance is marginal, the exact conditions that increase geohazard risk are the conditions most likely to degrade or blind the monitoring meant to catch it — which is why extreme-temperature monitoring sensors are rated so carefully.
2. **Slope risk doesn’t pause for heat.** Thermal cycling stresses rock joints, drought reduces cohesion in slope material, and burned ground from wildfire — a rising risk this season — loses the root structure that stabilizes slopes. Germany has already seen a 16,000m³ rockfall close a major freight route for seven weeks. Heat-driven slope events are a distinct risk category from the rainfall-triggered events most rockfall content focuses on, making rockfall monitoring in extreme weather a category of its own that becomes more relevant every summer.

## What geohazard monitoring in extreme heat actually requires

 Not all monitoring hardware is rated the same way, and specs are often quoted without context. For rail-adjacent, exposed infrastructure equipment, the relevant benchmarks are:

#### What a heat-capable monitoring system must deliver

- **Operating temperature range**The full range the unit is rated to function in, not just survive. This is the single most important geohazard sensor operating temperature figure to check.
- **Ingress protection rating**Sealing against dust and water at high ambient temperature, when seals and gaskets are under the most thermal stress.
- **Formal rail equipment standards**A recognised certification — not just a manufacturer’s internal spec sheet.
- **Power architecture**Mains-dependent systems carry a heat-driven failure mode (grid strain, cooling load) that battery/solar systems don’t.
- **Self-reporting health data**A system that can’t tell you its own condition during an extreme event is asking you to trust it blindly at the worst possible time.

## ImpactSentinel™ specifications

| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Operating temperature range | −20°C to +60°C (ImpactSentinel core) / −40°C to +60°C (W400 series) |
| Ingress protection | IP67-sealed enclosure |
| Standard | [EN 50155 (IEC 60571)](https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/2420) — shock, vibration, temperature range, EMC for rail equipment |
| Radio certification | CE/UKCA, LoRaWAN; EU RED 868 MHz (W400) |
| Power | Battery / solar — no mains dependency, no active cooling requirement |
| Self-monitoring | Continuous reporting of sensor temperature, voltage, and RSSI alongside hazard data |
| Alarm speed | 2–4 seconds from trigger to alarm, unaffected by ambient conditions |

ⓘ A note on the numbersThe +60°C rating covers ambient air temperature. However, rock and barrier surfaces in direct summer sun regularly run 15–25°C hotter than the air. As a result, the hardware is built with real headroom above what a forecast alone would suggest. This is exactly what heat-resilient railway monitoring demands. 

## Geohazard monitoring in extreme heat: field history, not a lab claim

![Rockfall and debris-flow terrain at Axenstrasse, Switzerland, monitored by ImpactSentinel](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Axenstrasse-1-scaled.jpg)The Axenstrasse corridor in Switzerland, where ImpactSentinel triggered the safety protocol during the 2024 extreme-weather event.ImpactSentinel™ has operated continuously at the Gotthard rail line with Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) for more than a decade — through Alpine winters and, increasingly, through summers that now regularly exceed historical records. For example, during the 2024 Axenstrasse event, the system acted as the final decision layer in severe weather.In short, the system has proven itself across the full range of conditions it is rated for, not just the ones that are easy to test in a lab.

### Specifying monitoring for a hot-climate site?

 Get in touch for a briefing on deployment for your specific line, slope, or portal.

 [Request a Briefing](https://inglas.org/contact/)

*Related reading: [Cold Weather performance (companion piece)](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/protecting-railway-networks-mountainous-regions-inglas-ruree/) · [Rockfall Detection Technologies Compared](https://inglas.org/rockfall-detection-systems-for-railways-a-practical-guide-for-asset-managers-and-engineers/)*

## Geohazard monitoring in extreme heat: FAQ

What temperature range can ImpactSentinel™ sensors operate in?

ImpactSentinel™ core units operate from −20°C to +60°C; the W400 series extends this to −40°C to +60°C, certified to EN 50155 for rail equipment.

Can extreme heat affect rockfall detection sensor accuracy?

Hardware not rated for sustained high ambient and surface temperatures can degrade. Specifically, seals, batteries, or communication links can fail. ImpactSentinel™ is IP67-sealed and continuously reports its own temperature and voltage alongside hazard data, so operators relying on rockfall detection sensors can verify system health directly.

Does heat increase rockfall risk on railways?

Yes. Thermal cycling stresses rock joints, drought reduces slope cohesion, and wildfire-affected slopes lose stabilizing root structure — all of which are heat-driven risk factors distinct from rainfall-triggered rockfall events, and central to railway slope monitoring.

Is ImpactSentinel™ tested in real extreme-weather deployments, or only lab-rated?

Both. Specifications are certified to EN 50155, and the system has an active field record spanning over a decade at the Gotthard rail line, including performance during the 2024 Axenstrasse extreme weather event.

**Categories:** Geohazard Monitoring

---

### [Changing Alpine Winters 2025/2026: Why Real-Time Geohazard Awareness Matters for Critical Infrastructure](https://inglas.org/real-time-geohazard-monitoring-alpine-infrastructure/)

**Published:** June 22, 2026
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

MétéoSuisse’s 2025/2026 winter review reveals unusually low snow depths and major precipitation deficits across the central and eastern Alps. But the real story for infrastructure operators is bigger than snow — it is about how a changing mountain environment reshapes geohazard risk, and why real-time geohazard monitoring matters.

Key takeaways

- The 2025/2026 Alpine winter brought temperature inversions, near-record-low snow depths and significant precipitation deficits.
- One dry winter does not prove more rockfalls — but it sits within a wider, evidence-based pattern of Alpine change.
- Warming permafrost, retreating glaciers and intense rainfall are all reshaping where and when geohazards occur.
- Real-time monitoring with ImpactSentinel™ provides the operational layer that turns a physical incident into immediate awareness.

## The 2025/2026 Alpine Winter Was Not Just a Snow Story

MétéoSuisse has published its review of the 2025/2026 winter season in the central and eastern Alps. At first glance, this may appear to be a report about snow conditions. In reality, it raises a much broader question for anyone responsible for Alpine infrastructure: how do roads, railways, tunnel portals, slopes and protective structures remain resilient when the mountain environment around them is changing?

The report describes frequent temperature inversions during the winter season. In simple terms, this meant mild and sunny conditions at higher altitudes, while colder air remained trapped beneath fog and stratus in lower-lying areas. MétéoSuisse notes that, because of these repeated inversion situations, temperature deviations from the long-term average were greater at higher altitude, particularly in November and December. \[1\]

The snow figures are also striking. Across the Alpine regions of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, average snow depths during the 2025/2026 winter season were among the five lowest recorded since 1991. The northern Alps experienced their second-driest winter since 1991, while the southern Alps recorded their driest winter in the same period. \[1\]

Importantly, MétéoSuisse makes a clear distinction: the lack of high-altitude snow was driven primarily by a precipitation deficit, rather than temperature alone. \[1\] That detail matters, because it prevents the story from becoming too simplistic. This was not just “a warm winter”. It was a winter shaped by mild high-altitude conditions, persistent weather patterns, low precipitation and unusually low snow depths — and for infrastructure operators, that combination deserves attention.

## One Dry Winter Does Not Prove More Landslides

It is important to be precise. The 2025/2026 MétéoSuisse report does not say that this single winter directly caused more rockfalls, landslides or debris flows. Nor should anyone claim that low snow depths automatically lead to more slope failures.

Mountain hazards are more complex than that. Rockfalls, landslides and debris flows are shaped by geology, slope angle, temperature, water, freeze-thaw behaviour, permafrost, vegetation, snow, rainfall and time. A dry winter may reduce some types of immediate water-related instability, but it may also leave the landscape exposed in other ways. Later heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, thawing ground or repeated freeze-thaw cycles can all affect how slopes behave.

So the point is not that one MétéoSuisse winter report explains every future geohazard. The point is that it forms part of a wider pattern: Alpine climate conditions are changing, and the assumptions that infrastructure operators have traditionally relied on are becoming less stable. MétéoSuisse states that the Alpine region is more strongly affected by the consequences of the human-caused greenhouse effect than many other regions or natural areas, and that the effects of climate change are clearly visible in this highly sensitive environment. \[1\]

That is the context in which the 2025/2026 winter should be read — not as an isolated snow report, but as part of a changing risk environment.

## Why Changing Alpine Conditions Matter for Geohazards

The European Alps have always been exposed to rockfall, landslide and debris-flow risk. What is changing is the background environment in which those hazards occur.

A major review of observed Alpine mass movements found that anthropogenic climate change is altering high mountain environments, including the frequency, behaviour, location and magnitude of some Alpine mass movements. The review examined research from across the European Alps, including rockfalls, rock avalanches, debris flows, ice avalanches and snow avalanches. \[2\] One of the clearest climate-controlled trends identified was an increase in rockfall frequency in high-Alpine areas linked to higher temperatures. The same review also found a clear increase in precipitation capable of triggering debris flows, although this has not translated into uniform increases in debris-flow activity everywhere. \[2\]

That distinction is essential. This is not a neat story where every hazard increases in the same way, everywhere, all at once. It is more complicated than that. Some areas may experience greater rockfall activity because of warming rock faces, glacier retreat or permafrost degradation. Other areas may become more exposed to intense rainfall events. Some places may see changes in hazard seasonality rather than simply more frequent events.

For infrastructure operators, the practical message is clear: historic assumptions about where, when and how geohazard events occur may no longer be enough.

## Permafrost, Glaciers and Slope Instability

One of the most important climate-related concerns in high mountain environments is permafrost. Permafrost is ground that remains at or below 0 °C for at least two consecutive years. In Alpine terrain, ice within fractures and loose material can help hold slopes together. When that frozen ground warms and thaws, the stability of rock faces and debris-covered slopes can change.

WSL and SLF state that climate change causes permafrost to warm and thaw, and that Alpine hazards increase as ground thaws, raising the potential for slope instability. They also report that permafrost in the Alps is warming by around 1 °C per decade. \[3\] This has direct consequences for infrastructure. WSL and SLF specifically identify a wide range of assets that can be at risk if permafrost thaws:

- Mountain railways and railway tracks
- Cable car stations, masts and shelters
- Water pipelines and avalanche barriers
- Telecommunications facilities and snow sheds

Rock glaciers are also moving faster. WSL and SLF report that rock glaciers are now moving downhill two to three times faster than they were 20 years ago. As the active layer of permafrost becomes thicker, more material can be released from steep fronts, increasing the potential for rockfall or debris flows. \[3\]

This is where climate change becomes an infrastructure issue. It is not only about temperature records. It is about what happens when the frozen, wet, fractured and unstable parts of the mountain begin to behave differently.

## Heavy Rainfall and Debris-Flow Risk

Water remains one of the most important triggers for landslides and debris flows. WSL explains that landslides can occur when soils on slopes become saturated with water during heavy rainfall, and that these events can endanger buildings, roads and railway tracks. WSL also notes that melting glaciers and thawing permafrost can release rocks and boulders from their icy grip, while heavier rainfall could make hillslope debris flows more frequent. \[4\]

This means infrastructure managers face a difficult combination. A winter may be unusually dry, yet the following season may bring intense rainfall. A slope may look stable during inspection, and then a short, high-intensity storm may change the risk picture very quickly.

This is why climate resilience cannot depend only on seasonal averages or historic patterns. It also requires real-time information from the infrastructure and slopes themselves.

## It Would Be Remiss Not to Mention ImpactSentinel™

At this point, it would be remiss of us not to mention ImpactSentinel™ — This is exactly the type of risk environment our systems are built for.

INGLAS is a specialist provider of real-time rockfall, landslide and slope-monitoring alarm systems. ImpactSentinel™ is designed for locations where infrastructure is exposed to physical geohazard risk: railway corridors, mountain roads, tunnel portals, rockfall barriers, protective fences, steep slopes, targeted rocks, retaining structures and vulnerable assets in remote terrain. \[5\]

Climate and weather data help explain how the risk environment is changing. ImpactSentinel™ provides the operational layer when a physical incident actually occurs. That distinction matters. ImpactSentinel™ is not a climate model, and it does not claim to predict every rockfall or landslide before it happens. Its role is more practical and, in many cases, more immediate.

When installed in an area to be monitored, ImpactSentinel™ sensors can detect impact, vibration, movement, tilt and pull-out conditions. When a configured alarm threshold is exceeded, the system can rapidly notify the relevant operators, infrastructure managers or authorities. \[5\] That may be a smaller impact requiring inspection, or a larger event requiring immediate closure, intervention or emergency response. Either way, the value is the same: the event is no longer hidden until the next visual inspection, public report or scheduled maintenance visit.

## From Passive Protection to Real-Time Geohazard Monitoring

Many rockfall barriers, fences and protective structures are designed to absorb or redirect hazardous material. But a passive structure does not automatically tell an operator what has happened. A small rockfall may strike a low-energy barrier, a slope may shift, a monitored wall may tilt, a targeted rock may move, or a protective fence may be damaged but still appear broadly intact from a distance.

Without real-time monitoring, these events can remain unknown until someone physically inspects the site. In remote Alpine terrain, that may not happen immediately. It may not happen safely. It may not happen before the next weather event adds further stress. This is the gap ImpactSentinel™ is designed to close.

The system can support monitoring of smaller incidents as well as major events, provided the movement, impact, vibration, tilt or pull-out condition exceeds the configured threshold. \[5\] This matters because smaller events are not always insignificant. They can:

- Indicate increased slope activity
- Weaken protective structures
- Inform maintenance planning
- Help operators understand how a site is behaving over time

A major incident may demand immediate action. A smaller incident may demand inspection. Both are more useful when they are known quickly.

## Why Real-Time Alarming Matters for Railways, Roads and Tunnel Portals

Alpine infrastructure often operates in narrow corridors where there is little room for error. Railway lines pass below rock faces, roads run beneath unstable slopes, and tunnel portals sit at the point where vehicles or trains move between protected and exposed terrain. Protective structures are often installed in places that are difficult to access and expensive to inspect.

In these locations, speed of awareness matters. A real-time alarm can support faster decision-making, helping operators dispatch inspection teams, check barriers, review visual confirmation, close exposed infrastructure or activate predefined safety protocols. ImpactSentinel™ is designed to communicate alarms within seconds, depending on the site configuration and communication architecture. \[5\]

That speed is important because the real operational question is rarely theoretical:

> It is not simply “Could this slope be dangerous?” It is “Has something just happened?” And if something has happened: “Who needs to know now?”

## A More Honest Way to Talk About Climate and Monitoring

There is a temptation in climate-related marketing to overstate the case. Every storm becomes a warning, every rockfall becomes a climate-change event, and every report becomes a sales opportunity. That is not the right approach.

The 2025/2026 MétéoSuisse winter report should be treated carefully. It shows unusual and important Alpine climate conditions, but it does not, by itself, prove a direct increase in rockfall or landslide events during that winter. What it does do is contribute to a serious and evidence-based conversation.

The Alpine environment is changing. Scientific research is identifying climate-linked changes in high-Alpine rockfall, debris-flow-triggering precipitation and other mass-movement processes. Permafrost is warming, glaciers are retreating, and heavy rainfall remains a critical trigger for slope instability. Infrastructure operators need systems that help them understand not only the changing background risk, but also the moment when that risk becomes a physical incident.

This is where real-time geohazard monitoring belongs. It is not a replacement for:

- Climate science
- Geotechnical expertise
- Protective structures

Instead, it acts as a practical operational layer between the mountain and the people responsible for keeping critical infrastructure safe.

## Conclusion: Resilience Depends on Knowing What Has Happened

The 2025/2026 winter season in the central and eastern Alps was marked by frequent temperature inversions, unusually low snow depths and significant precipitation deficits. Those facts matter — not because one dry winter explains every future hazard, but because they sit within a wider climate context that is already affecting the Alpine environment.

For railways, roads, tunnel portals, slopes and protective structures, resilience will depend on more than long-term climate awareness. It will also depend on real-time operational awareness.

ImpactSentinel™ exists for that moment

When an impact occurs. When a structure moves. When a slope shifts. When a monitored rock tilts. When a barrier is struck. When the configured threshold is exceeded and the right people need to know.

Changing Alpine winters are not only a snow story. They are an infrastructure resilience story. And for INGLAS, they are exactly the kind of scenario where real-time geohazard monitoring and alarming has a clear role to play.

## Sources

\[1\] MétéoSuisse — “La saison hivernale 2025/2026 dans les Alpes centrales et orientales”
<https://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/portrait/meteosuisse-blog/fr/2026/06/la-saison-hivernale-2025-2026-dans-les-alpes-centrales-et-orientales.html>

\[2\] Jacquemart, M., Weber, S., Chiarle, M., Chmiel, M., Cicoira, A., Corona, C., Eckert, N., Gaume, J., Giacona, F., Hirschberg, J., Kaitna, R., Magnin, F., Mayer, S., Moos, C., Stoffel, M., and van Herwijnen, A. — “Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps”
<https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU25/EGU25-16339.html>

\[3\] Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL / SLF — “Climate change and … permafrost”
<https://www.wsl.ch/en/news/climate-change-and-permafrost/>

\[4\] Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL — “Slopes in motion: rockfalls and landslides”
<https://www.wsl.ch/en/natural-hazards/rockfalls-and-landslides/>

\[5\] INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG — ImpactSentinel™ real-time rockfall and geohazard monitoring information
<https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/>

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel, Uncategorized

---

### [ImpactSentinel™ on the Axenstrasse: Real-Time Monitoring for a Key Swiss Alpine Route](https://inglas.org/impactsentinel-axenstrasse-rockfall-monitoring/)

**Published:** June 16, 2026
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

Following recent rockfall and debris-flow activity on the Axenstrasse in Switzerland, ImpactSentinel™ sensors formed part of the wider monitoring system that detected the event and supported a rapid alarm response. The sensors recognised movement and impact activity and helped initiate the alerting process that enabled the road closure and barrier response on one of Switzerland’s most important alpine transport corridors. For infrastructure operators working in steep mountainous terrain, the event is a clear illustration of why real-time geohazard monitoring has become an essential part of modern transport safety.

### Watch the event response

## A key Swiss alpine route

The Axenstrasse is an important example of the challenges faced by infrastructure operators in steep alpine terrain. Roads, railways and tunnel portals in these environments contend with changing geological and weather-related conditions throughout the year, and the margin for delayed response can be very small.

While many people associate rockfall and debris-flow risks with winter freeze-thaw cycles or heavy rainfall periods, these events are not limited to a single season. The two rockfall and debris-flow related events on the Axenstrasse are a clear reminder that even in summer, alpine infrastructure can remain highly dynamic and difficult to anticipate. This is why continuous real-time monitoring is not merely a technical feature — it functions as an essential safety layer for a critical transport route.

## From rockfall detection to response

In high-risk corridors, the time between an impact occurring and people being warned can be critical. ImpactSentinel™ is designed for exactly these scenarios: fast detection, reliable alerting and immediate response support when seconds matter.

The system uses sensors installed in relevant monitoring areas to detect movement, vibration or direct impact. When an event is recognised, the sensor communicates with the wider monitoring and alerting infrastructure, helping operators trigger the appropriate response. Depending on the site, this may include road closures, barrier activation, warning signals or alerts to the responsible teams.

On the Axenstrasse, ImpactSentinel™ sensors formed part of the wider system that supported the rapid alarm response. The activity was detected successfully, and the response was supported exactly as intended.

## Why real-time rockfall monitoring matters

Passive protection measures such as barriers, fences and galleries remain an important part of geohazard protection. In many important infrastructure locations, however, protection alone is not enough — operators also need to know precisely when something has happened.

A rockfall or debris-flow event can occur suddenly. Visibility may be limited, and the affected area may be remote, steep or difficult to access. In these situations, relying only on manual inspection or delayed reporting can leave a dangerous gap between the event and the response. Real-time monitoring helps close that gap.

By detecting movement or impact activity as it happens, systems such as ImpactSentinel™ can help operators move from uncertainty to action far more quickly. The objective is not to predict every event, but to recognise critical activity quickly and support the right response.

“Real-time monitoring does not predict events. It recognises critical activity quickly — and helps operators move from uncertainty to action.”

## An essential safety layer for alpine infrastructure

The recent Axenstrasse activity highlights a wider point for road, rail and infrastructure operators working in mountainous terrain. Geohazard risk is not static: slopes change, weather patterns shift, rock masses move, and debris channels react to rainfall, snowmelt and local instability. Even well-known corridors require constant awareness.

For important transport routes, real-time monitoring provides an additional layer of operational safety. It supports faster decision-making, helps reduce reliance on manual observation and gives operators a clearer picture of conditions in the field. ImpactSentinel™ is built for these demanding environments, designed to detect relevant movement or impact activity and to support fast, reliable alerting through the customer’s own monitoring and response system.

## Seconds matter

The Axenstrasse events are a reminder of why fast detection matters. When rockfall or debris-flow activity affects critical infrastructure, every second between the event and the response is important. Real-time monitoring helps ensure that alerts are not delayed, that response systems can be activated quickly, and that operators have the information they need when conditions change.

ImpactSentinel™ supports this process by providing fast detection, reliable alerting and immediate response support in locations where seconds matter. This recent example on the Axenstrasse demonstrates the value of real-time geohazard awareness for important alpine transport corridors — and why continuous monitoring remains an essential part of modern infrastructure safety.

## Conclusion

The Axenstrasse activity shows how real-time geohazard monitoring complements traditional protection measures on a key Swiss alpine route. As part of the wider monitoring system, ImpactSentinel™ helped detect the activity and supported the rapid alarm response that protected a critical transport corridor. For operators managing similar terrain, the lesson is consistent: continuous awareness shortens the gap between an event and a safe, informed response.

## Find out how ImpactSentinel™ can support your infrastructure

If your organisation manages roads, railways, tunnel portals or other critical infrastructure in geohazard-prone terrain, we would be glad to discuss how ImpactSentinel™ can complement your existing monitoring and response systems.

[Contact the INGLAS team](/contact)

We also shared a short LinkedIn update on the Axenstrasse event [here](https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7469646702845702144).

**Categories:** Hazard Detection, Impact Sentinel

---

### [Summer Rockfalls and Landslides Are on the Rise – How Monitoring Systems Can Keep Railways Safe](https://inglas.org/rockfall-detection/)

**Published:** July 7, 2025
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Excerpt:** As summer storms and glacier melt intensify, INGLAS delivers real-time rockfall  & slope monitoring systems to help railways stay safe and operational in the Alps.

**Content:**

## Unstable mountain slopes don’t just thaw in spring—this summer, rising temperatures and heavy storms are triggering more rockfalls and landslides than ever before.

# ![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/IMG_2971-1024x576.jpg)

### **From Austria to Switzerland, mountain railways and infrastructure are facing growing threats from climate-driven natural hazards. With the right real-time rockfall and landslide monitoring system, infrastructure operators can prevent damage, reduce downtime, and protect lives.**

#### **🌡️ Why Are Rockfalls Increasing During Summer?**

In 2025, **Europe is experiencing record-breaking heat and high-intensity storms**, especially across alpine regions. This extreme weather is driving a surge in:

- Rockfalls
- Landslides
- Debris flows
- Track washouts
- Drainage blockages
 
Slopes exposed to **prolonged heat** develop cracks and lose cohesion. When intense rain infiltrates those fractures, the risk of failure increases dramatically. In areas with railways, tunnels, or roads, even minor slope instability can lead to major service disruptions—or worse, **pose a direct risk to life and infrastructure**.

####  **Major Incidents from Summer 2025**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Blatten-1024x576.jpeg)Blatten, Switzerland: Post-collapse image showing debris cone over 100 m high. Source: Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN).

- In **Switzerland**, a catastrophic **rock–ice avalanche struck the village of Blatten (Lötschental, Valais)** in late May 2025 after days of slope instability. Over **6 million cubic meters** of ice, rock, and debris collapsed from the Birch Glacier area, destroying around **90% of the village**. Thanks to early monitoring and evacuations, **most residents were safely relocated**, though **one fatality was reported**.
- In **Austria**, **landslides in Tyrol and Vorarlberg in early July** caused significant damage to roads, blocked access routes, and forced evacuations in several mountain communities.
 
Across the Alps, emergency services responded to **storm-triggered debris flows**, blocked culverts, and **track obstructions**, underscoring the need for **real-time slope monitoring** during extreme summer weather.

####  **🛠️ What’s the Solution? Real-Time Rockfall and Landslide Monitoring Systems**

**Early detection is essential to protecting infrastructure.** That’s where INGLAS comes in. Through our **Impact Sentinel technology**, we offer cutting-edge **rockfall monitoring systems**, **slope stability tracking**, and **real-time alert tools** designed for high-risk mountain environments.

##### ![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/P1020389-1024x768.jpg)

#### **Key Features of Our Monitoring Systems**

**Rockfall Detection System
Our high-precision sensors can be installed directly on **unstable rocks**, cliff faces, or cut slopes. They detect micro-movements before collapse occurs, giving operators critical time to act.

**Landslide Monitoring Technology** We monitor ground deformation, moisture content, and rainfall triggers—delivering real-time data and alerts. Our systems help predict **landslide-prone conditions** during or after storm events.

**Environmental & Storm Monitoring** Temperature spikes, freeze-thaw cycles, and heavy rainfall all contribute to **slope failure**. Our sensors track these variables continuously, supporting smarter maintenance and mitigation planning.

**Remote Access & Custom Alerts** All data is delivered to a secure dashboard or directly to your team via SMS or system integration. Set **custom thresholds** and receive alerts based on real-time movement, rainfall, or temperature stress.

#### **Why Clients Choose INGLAS for Hazard Monitoring**

- **Reliable performance in extreme alpine conditions**
- **Flexible system setup – from single boulder to full slope networks**
- **Live data streaming, 24/7 alerts, and full API integration**
- **Designed specifically for railways, tunnels, roads, bridges, and mountain infrastructure**
- **Trusted across the Alps and beyond**
 
Whether you manage rail assets, engineering projects, or public infrastructure in hazard-prone terrain, INGLAS provides the monitoring tools you need to **stay one step ahead of the risk**.

#### **The Cost of Inaction**

Delaying hazard monitoring can lead to:

- Unexpected **track closures and service delays**
- **Emergency repair costs** after rockfall or landslide impact
- **Safety risks** to staff, passengers, and local communities
- **Long-term damage** to infrastructure stability and public trust
 
With the increasing frequency of **climate-driven slope failures**, reactive responses are no longer enough. **Proactive monitoring is the new standard** in infrastructure resilience.

#### **📞 Ready to Protect Your Infrastructure?**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/IMG_2982-1024x768.jpg)

If you’re responsible for **railways, mountain roads, tunnels, or any infrastructure in hazardous terrain**, don’t wait for the next landslide. Get ahead of the hazard with INGLAS.

Let our team help you assess your site, select the right **natural hazard monitoring system**, and design a solution that fits your operational needs.

👉 [**Contact us today**](https://inglas.org/contact-2/) to schedule a consultation or request a product demo.

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Geohazard-Monitoring-Sensor-ImpactSentinel-1024x768.jpg)

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

**Tags:** landslide detection, railway safety, rockfall monitoring, slope monitoring

---

### [Low-Energy Barrier Monitoring: Real-Time Insights for Natural Hazards](https://inglas.org/low-energy-barrier-monitoring-real-time-insights-for-everyday-hazards/)

**Published:** April 13, 2026
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

### **Overview**

![Sensor mounted on a protective fence](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Rockfall-Monitoring-Sensor-1024x768.jpeg)Low KJ Rockfall & Natural Hazard Monitoring Sensor along rail tracks in Switzerland

Not every hazard requires a high-energy rockfall barrier—but even **low-energy fences** can face regular stress from smaller events such as debris flows, shallow slides, or minor rock impacts.
Monitoring these systems ensures they remain functional and efficient without unnecessary maintenance or replacement.

The goal: to provide **continuous, real-time monitoring** for low KJ barriers that are often installed in **residential areas, road corridors, or near infrastructure** where smaller-scale incidents can still pose significant risks.

---

### **The Challenge**

Low KJ barriers, while cost-effective and flexible, can degrade gradually through **repeated low-impact loading** and **environmental wear**.
Visual inspections alone can miss early signs of material fatigue or structural distortion.
Engineers needed a monitoring approach capable of:

- Detecting impacts too minor to be noticed manually
- Tracking cumulative load effects
- Remaining simple and affordable for smaller-scale installations

---

### **The Solution**

The [**Impact Sentinel**](https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/) system was adapted for use on **low-energy barriers**, offering the same reliability and accuracy as large-scale installations but in a **compact, economical configuration**.
Each barrier segment is equipped with wireless sensors capable of:

- Measuring impact acceleration and tilt
- Logging cumulative deformation
- Sending real-time alerts via SMS, email, or dashboard

The system is powered by **long-life Li batteries** and can operate autonomously for years with minimal maintenance.
The collected data are visualized through the **SAM interface**, which displays both impact frequency and force intensity across the network.

---

### **Results**

Field deployments demonstrated that even light debris impacts register clear, repeatable signals.
By analyzing this data, engineers identified zones of repeated stress and targeted them for reinforcement—eliminating the need for full barrier replacements.

The system also proved ideal for **municipal or small-scale projects**, where cost and simplicity are key.
Its modular design means it can scale up seamlessly to larger installations if conditions evolve.

---

### **Conclusion**

Low KJ barrier monitoring bridges the gap between **passive protection and active safety management**.
By combining affordability with intelligent sensing, the **Impact Sentinel system** transforms even modest barrier systems into **connected, data-driven assets**, ensuring readiness and reliability where it matters most.

**Categories:** Hazard Detection, Impact Sentinel

---

### [Rockfall Monitoring on Steep-Angled Barriers](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-steep-angle-barrier-gotthard/)

**Published:** September 25, 2025
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Excerpt:** Some segments of Switzerland’s Gotthard railway corridor pass through exceptionally steep terrain where traditional protective measures are difficult—if not impossible—to install. One such section required the construction of a 90-degree vertical rockfall barrier, positioned directly above a tunnel entrance.

The goal: to stop falling debris before it could reach the tracks below. But the vertical nature of the installation introduced complex safety and logistical challenges—both during setup and ongoing maintenance.

**Content:**

###### **Location:** Old Gotthard Track, Switzerland
**Installed:** 2023
**Focus:** Real-time detection on vertical rockfall fencing over tunnel entrances

### ![Steep Angled Rockfall Fence](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Steepangled-1-768x1024.jpeg)

###  

### **Overview**

Some segments of Switzerland’s Gotthard railway corridor pass through exceptionally steep terrain where traditional protective measures are difficult—if not impossible—to install. One such section required the construction of a **90-degree vertical rockfall barrier**, positioned directly above a tunnel entrance.

The goal: to stop falling debris before it could reach the tracks below. But the vertical nature of the installation introduced complex safety and logistical challenges—both during setup and ongoing maintenance.

### **Installation Challenges**

Working at this angle, **above live track and power lines**, required a high level of safety planning and coordination with SBB. Key concerns included:

- Avoiding dropped equipment that could strike overhead electrical lines
- Ensuring no installation components (e.g., pull-out cables) came into contact with live infrastructure
- Navigating extremely limited access, requiring workers with certified climbing licenses
 
To mitigate risk, a full **security concept** was developed in collaboration with SBB, outlining emergency procedures and structural planning.

![Installation of Rockfall Fences and Barriers over Railway lines](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/RockfallBarriersImpactSentinel-1024x768.jpeg)

### **Monitoring System Design**

Sensors were installed directly on the **steep barrier** to detect any rockfall events that might impact the structure. Despite the compact footprint, the system is able to relay real-time alerts if debris strikes the fence.

Key features include:

- Rockfall impact detection using energy sensors
- Communication relays installed to bypass terrain obstructions
- Data delivery to operators and control centers for immediate response
 
### **Why a Vertical Barrier?**

At this location, traditional catchment zones or downslope fencing were impossible due to:

- A **stone wall directly behind the track**
- A lack of any accessible ground space above or below
- The tunnel portal being flush with vertical mountain face
 
As a result, this steep-angle barrier is one of only a few of its kind, and represents a highly specialized engineering and monitoring solution.

### **Current Status**

The system has been live since 2023 and continues to provide hazard detection along one of the Gotthard line’s most exposed points. It operates in coordination with adjacent monitoring systems to create a **multi-layered safety network** throughout the region. https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-gotthard/

For more information about INGLAS & the Impact Sentinel system, contact us below.

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

**Tags:** Tag 2

---

### [Rockfall Monitoring in Remote Areas](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-in-remote-areas/)

**Published:** October 21, 2025
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Content:**

## **Long-Distance Communication: Rockfall Monitoring in Real Time**

### ![Remote Rockfall Monitoring System by INGLAS - Impact Sentinel 2025](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Rockfall-detection-INGLAS-768x1024.jpeg)

### **Overview**

Many hazard zones—such as Rockfall & Landslides, especially in alpine or isolated regions—are difficult to reach and challenging to maintain.
For these locations, reliable remote monitoring is not just convenient, it’s essential.

The **Impact Sentinel** system was engineered to provide **long-distance data transmission** and **autonomous operation**, ensuring that even the most remote installations can deliver accurate, real-time information to operators hundreds of kilometers away.

This system is already in active use in **Flüeli, Switzerland**, where it provides continuous monitoring in a high-risk alpine rockfall zone.

---

### **The Challenge** 

![Remote Rockfall Monitoring System by INGLAS - Impact Sentinel 2025](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Rockfall-Monitoring-System-1024x768.jpeg)

Remote hazard sites often face:

- **Limited or no power infrastructure**
- **Poor GSM / Cellular coverage**
- **Extreme weather conditions** that can affect data reliability
- **High logistical costs** for manual inspections

These conditions make it difficult to maintain a stable connection and continuous data flow—especially across mountain ranges, valleys, or vast open terrain.

---

### **The Solution**

The project team designed a **multi-relay communication network** for long-distance monitoring, combining radio-frequency links, GSM-R / 4G networks, and satellite backup.
Each system includes:

- **Autonomous power supply** (solar or Li-battery)
- **Base stations and data relays** positioned at strategic elevations
- **Our system uses active multi-channel redundancy, continuously transmitting data across multiple paths for maximum reliability.**
- The **SAM (Sensor Actor Module)** software platform integrates all data streams into one easy UI interface, allowing users to monitor sensor health, barrier status, and environmental conditions in real time.

---

### **Performance**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/RockfallMonitoringINGLAS-1024x768.jpeg)

Field tests showed successful data transmission across multiple kilometers of rugged terrain, with near-zero data loss.

The system demonstrated full functionality even under snow and heavy rainfall conditions, where traditional telemetry often struggles.

Regular heartbeats and sensor status checks ensure the network remains live at all times, giving operators confidence that no event goes undetected.

---

### **Applications**

This long-distance setup is now being deployed across:

- **Remote rockfall and landslide barriers**
- **Hydropower installations and access roads**
- **Avalanche-prone corridors**
- **Large infrastructure projects** requiring multiple monitoring zones

---

### **Conclusion**

Through its combination of robust communication architecture and intelligent redundancy, the **Impact Sentinel system** has proven its ability to deliver reliable, long-distance monitoring—**from remote mountain passes to isolated industrial sites**.

Even in the harshest environments, the system ensures one thing above all: that operators remain connected, informed, and ready to respond the moment an event occurs.

#### For more information about the monitoring technology and the team behind it, fill in the form below.

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

---

### [Rockfall Monitoring at the Gotthard Tunnel Line](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-gotthard/)

**Published:** September 16, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

#### Location: Gotthard Tunnel Line, Switzerland Focus: Rockfall detection at tunnel entrances Technology Partner: INGLAS (Impact Sentinel system) First installed: 2014

# ![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Axenstrasse-1024x485.jpg)

#### A Key Railway Through Alpine Terrain

The Gotthard Tunnel Line is one of Europe’s most important rail routes, connecting Germany and Italy through the Swiss Alps. It includes both the historic mountain route and the modern Gotthard Base Tunnel—currently the world’s longest railway tunnel. In 2014, rockfall detection systems were installed at several tunnel entrances along the line. These areas are especially vulnerable, as trains emerge from tunnels at high speed into steep terrain where falling rocks can pose serious risks.

#### Why Monitoring Was Needed

Tunnel exits in this region are surrounded by steep slopes. Snow, changing temperatures, and loose rock create ongoing risk of rockfall. For train drivers, visibility is limited, and response time is short—especially when exiting a tunnel at up to 200 km/h. Existing catch fences can become overloaded with snow or weakened by earlier impacts, making early warning systems essential. The video below shows rockfall at Axenstraße, Switzerland in partnership with Geopraevent, near the Gotthard tunnel entrance. Our sensors recognised and warned those in danger.

<https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1728225207698-1.mp4>

#### How the System Works

Sensors were placed near tunnel entrances to detect rock impacts and movement. If a rockfall occurs, the system immediately sends alerts to train operators and control centers. This allows trains to slow down or stop before reaching the affected area. The monitoring system was designed to handle the challenges of alpine conditions—long distances, harsh weather, and remote locations. It runs continuously and requires little maintenance. In 2023, the network was upgraded with newer sensors and communication technology.

#### Lasting Impact

The system now covers more than 200 km of rail and includes over 1,000 sensors. It plays a critical role in keeping the Gotthard line safe for both passengers and freight, every day of the year.

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/92e271573193c21463a41f01777eec7c-1200-1024x576.jpg)

#### For more information about the monitoring technology and the team behind it, click [here](https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/)

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

---

### [INGLAS at 30 Years Old](https://inglas.org/inglas-at-30-yeard-old/)

**Published:** July 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Excerpt:** What started as expertise in advanced glass surface coatings and thermal dynamics has evolved into comprehensive rockfall monitoring systems and emissivity readers trusted across Europe.

**Content:**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Founders-Blog.png)Our Founders in 1995

#### **INGLAS at 30: From Glass Innovation to Rockfall Monitoring and Emissivity Excellence** 

INGLAS celebrates three decades of transforming precision glass technology into industry-leading safety solutions. What started as expertise in advanced glass surface coatings and thermal dynamics has evolved into comprehensive rockfall monitoring systems and emissivity readers trusted across Europe. Our locally-engineered solutions protect railway infrastructure, industrial facilities, and energy systems where accuracy saves lives and prevents costly downtime.

From our foundation in glass technology to today’s hazard detection systems, we’ve maintained one unwavering principle: measure exactly, perform reliably. Our rockfall monitoring technology provides real-time geological risk assessment for mountain railways and infrastructure, while our precision emissivity readers deliver instant surface measurement across multiple materials. This evolution reflects our commitment to solving complex challenges with scientific rigor—whether detecting landslides, measuring thermal properties, or monitoring remote installations.

Our growth has been powered by lasting partnerships.
To our customers who trust our rockfall monitoring and emissivity measurement solutions—thank you.
To our suppliers who ensure consistent quality—thank you.
To our local engineering team who’ve delivered 30 years of precision—thank you.
We’re proud of protecting what matters most, and focused on the next chapter of innovation in safety technology. Here’s to the next 30 years.

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/30yrs.png)

**Categories:** Hazard Detection

---

### [WHEN ROCKFALL STRIKES, WILL YOUR RAIL SYSTEM BE READY?](https://inglas.org/rockfall-detection-rail/)

**Published:** July 22, 2025
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Excerpt:** Impact Sentinel is a cutting-edge hazard detection system designed to monitor rockfalls, landslides, and terrain shifts in real time. Built for the rail industry, it provides early warnings using advanced sensors and smart data relays—protecting infrastructure, ensuring safety, and minimizing disruption across mountainous and high-risk areas.

**Content:**

[![Rockfall & Landslide Monitoring Sensor](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Impact-Sentinel-Logo_RGB_Standard-300x114.png)](https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/)

## **Impact Sentinel: The Early Warning System That Saved Lives on the Gotthard Route**

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/P1060534-1024x576.jpg)

In 2009, a massive 150m³ rockfall breached protective barriers along the critical Gotthard route in Switzerland.

### **What happened next?**

- An immediate alert was triggered
- Approaching trains were stopped within seconds
- A potential catastrophic collision was prevented
- No lives were lost, no equipment damaged
 
This wasn’t luck. It was **ImpactSentinel** – the advanced rockfall & landslide monitoring system that Swiss Rail (SBB) had installed just months earlier.

![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/1049900_pic_970x641.jpg)**Specialists examine the rockfall area near Gurtnellen by helicopter on Thursday, November 15, 2012. A rockfall had interrupted the Gotthard railway line between Erstfeld and Göschenen near Gurtnellen in the canton of Uri on Wednesday, November 14, 2012. This is the third time at the same location within about a year.**
*(Photo: KEYSTONE/Urs Flueeler)*

## **PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE WHEN EVERY SECOND COUNTS**

INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG, Germany’s leader in natural hazard monitoring, offers the same protection for your rail network with ImpactSentinel’s comprehensive safety solution:

**Real-Time Monitoring of:**

- Impact force and seismic activity
- Tilt and orientation changes
- Precipitation and environmental factors
- Structural integrity issues
 
![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ROckfall-blog-1024x576.png)

### **Designed for Critical Rail Applications:**

- Railway tracks and tunnels
- Rockfall & Landslide protection systems
- Targeted Rockfall Monitoring
- Bridges and other vital infrastructure
 
![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PA270347-1024x768.jpg)OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

## **TRUSTED BY THE WORLD’S MOST DEMANDING RAIL OPERATORS**

ImpactSentinel isn’t just a monitoring system – it’s a proven lifesaver already protecting:

- Multiple kilometers of the Swiss Rail network
- Critical mountain passages throughout the Alps
- High-traffic routes in challenging environments
 
##  **BUILT FOR RELIABILITY IN EXTREME CONDITIONS**

- Durable sensors in compact aluminum housings
- Operational in temperatures from -40°C to +60°C
- Multiple alert channels: SMS, email, IP, web portal, and mobile app
- Seamless integration with existing safety systems
 
![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Simplon_Sentinel_RelaisBlock3_PXL_20250401_091048934-scaled-1-1024x768.jpg)

## **DISCOVER HOW IMPACT SENTINEL CAN PROTECT YOUR RAIL NETWORK**

Get in touch with us today to learn how we can support your safety strategy. 

***ImpactSentinel doesn’t just detect disasters – it prevents them.***

**Email:** <info@impact-sentinel.de>**Web:** [inglas.org](https://inglas.org/impact-sentinel-rockfall-monitoring-rail-safety/)**Phone** +49 (0)7544 90492 90

**INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG
Muschelweg 19, 88697 Bermatingen, Germany

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

**Tags:** Tag 5

---

### [Real-Time Rockfall Monitoring of Low-Energy Incidents](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-rail-industry/)

**Published:** November 10, 2025
**Author:** Craig Walsh

**Excerpt:** Even minor rockfall events can weaken protective barriers and cause costly downtime. The Impact Sentinel system continuously monitors low-energy impacts, helping operators move from reactive repairs to predictive maintenance across rail, road, and alpine infrastructure.

**Content:**

## Even small rockfall events can lead to costly downtime, damage, and safety concerns along transport corridors and infrastructure.

![Protective rockfall fence with integrated sensor for low-energy detection on alpine rail infrastructure](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Rockfall-Monitoring-Sensor-1024x768.jpeg)Low-energy rockfall barrier installed along a railway corridor — equipped for real-time impact detection and continuous condition monitoring.

In areas where protective fences, slopes, or barriers are exposed to frequent minor impacts, **continuous real-time monitoring** is vital.

The goal of this project was to design and deploy a **low-energy impact monitoring system** that could detect, record, and report small incidents—before they escalate into operational risks or structural failures.

### **The Challenge**

Low-energy events are often underestimated. While they rarely cause major damage, their cumulative effect can weaken safety structures and lead to unplanned maintenance or service interruptions.
Traditional inspection methods can miss these subtle yet recurring impacts, as they only provide static “snapshot” data.

Railway operators, road authorities, and asset managers needed a **low-maintenance, autonomous monitoring system** that could:

- Detect low-energy impacts in real time
- Differentiate between false triggers and genuine events
- Operate autonomously in remote or alpine terrain
- Integrate seamlessly with existing control or maintenance systems

![mpact Sentinel wireless rockfall detection sensor mounted in alpine terrain for real-time hazard monitoring.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Rockfall-detection-Barriers-1024x768.jpeg)The Impact Sentinel system provides continuous rockfall monitoring in remote alpine locations

### **The Solution**

The **Impact Sentinel** system was customized to monitor **low-energy barriers and protective fences** in real time.
Each wireless sensor measures **impact acceleration, vibration, and tilt**, continuously analyzing the structural behavior of the barrier.

Data is transmitted via redundant communication channels—such as **GSM, radio, or fiber**—to a local base station and then to the central **SAM software interface**, where engineers can visualize and evaluate events instantly.

**Key Features**

- Real-time event detection and data transmission
- Impact, tilt, and acceleration sensing
- Configurable alert thresholds and event classification
- Solar or Li-battery power for remote operation
- Maintenance-free design with multi-year battery life
- Optional video verification for event validation

[![Solar-powered railway monitoring system installed along alpine tracks, featuring an Impact Sentinel sensor, communication antenna, and safety barrier for rockfall protection.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Rock-fall-monitoring-ImpactSentinel-1024x680.png)](https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/)

### **Results**

Within the first months of operation, the system successfully identified multiple small impact events, correlating them with freeze–thaw cycles and heavy rainfall periods.
This insight allowed maintenance teams to switch from scheduled inspections to **data-driven predictive maintenance**, focusing resources where stress or movement was actually detected.

By quantifying even minor impacts, operators gained a clearer understanding of barrier fatigue and site behavior over time—improving both **safety assurance** and **cost efficiency**.

![Engineers wearing safety helmets and vests install an Impact Sentinel rockfall monitoring sensor on a protective barrier beside a railway track in a mountainous area.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/IMG_2982-1024x768.jpg)Engineers and geotechnical specialists install the Impact Sentinel rockfall monitoring system along a railway corridor to enhance safety and real-time hazard detection.

---

### **Conclusion**

Real-time monitoring of low-energy incidents bridges the gap between passive protection and proactive risk management.
With **Impact Sentinel**, operators can now detect, analyze, and respond to events as they happen—creating a continuous safety feedback loop for **rail, [road,](https://www.linkedin.com/posts/inglas_rockfall-landslides-rockfallmonitoring-activity-7379831196689592320-o0g0?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAACS8O9ABdjNp1lmFGU-dLGgyZC3RMGWT32Y) and alpine infrastructure**.

The result is a smarter, safer, and more efficient approach to managing everyday geological hazards.

**Categories:** Impact Sentinel

---


## Pages

### [Home](https://inglas.org/)

**Published:** April 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

Precision Products for Safety, Security, and Monitoring ### Precision **Technology for a Safer, Smarter World**

INGLAS designs and manufactures advanced sensing systems that detect hazards, measure emissivity, and monitor environments in real time. From rockfall monitoring safeguarding alpine railways to emissivity readers powering industrial accuracy, our products operate where precision, reliability, and safety are critical.

**We work at the intersection of engineering and innovation—developing tools that help industries respond faster, work smarter, and stay protected in the most demanding conditions.**

At our core is a commitment to:

- Engineering robust, field-proven hardware
- Solving complex problems with intelligent design
- Delivering performance our partners can rely on—day after day, year after year

## About

## How Our Products are used Globally

From cutting-edge safety systems to advanced hazard detection, Inglas solutions support rail networks and industrial operations in over 30 countries — keeping people, infrastructure, and assets secure. Rockfall Monitoring

 All Services Safety

Our products help prevent incidents before they happen — ensuring safer environments for both passengers and personnel.

 Security

Robust, reliable systems that detect and deter risks — from perimeter breaches to infrastructure sabotage.

 Analytical Devices

Precision instruments designed to monitor, measure, and maintain critical operational thresholds in real time.

 Hazards

Smart detection technologies that identify fire, chemical, and environmental hazards before they escalate.

## Our Products

### Real-Time Monitoring Sensor

ImpactSentinel is an intelligent wireless sensor alarming system, which can be employed for a variety of applications for real time surveillance. It forewarns oncoming hazardous disasters, such as **landslides**, **avalanches** and **rock falls**.

 Learn More

### TIR100-2 Emissivity Reader

TIR100-2 is a quick and easy to use analytical instrument that allows for a **one-click measurement** of thermal emissivity. This compact, portable and accurate device can be employed on a **variety of materials** and surfaces.

 View

## Real-Time Rockfall Monitoring

**Impact Sentinel: Trusted by leading organizations for its *buy-once, long-term* protection model—offering dependable hazard detection without ongoing subscription costs**

## Trusted by organisations across the globe

 Talk to us INGLAS Enquiry

---

### [Rockfall & Landslide Monitoring by ImpactSentinel™](https://inglas.org/rockfall-landslide-detection/)

**Published:** April 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

Protecting Lives & Infrastructure Worldwide ## About ImpactSentinel™

ImpactSentinel™ is a world-leading, real-time rockfall landslide detection system. Trusted by major rail networks such as Swiss Rail (SBB) and deployed globally—from the mountains of [Switzerland](https://inglas.org/rockfall-detection/) to the highlands of Scotland, Australia, and beyond.

Our real-time monitoring responds to geohazard events within seconds, safeguarding lives and infrastructure.

 Real-Time Rockfall Detection & Landslide Monitoring DETECTION

**ImpactSentinel’s™ smart sensors provide continuous real-time detection of landslides, rockfalls, and seismic activity. Get immediate alerts the moment conditions change, even in remote, high-risk locations.**

 ALERTS

**Once a hazard is detected, receive instant alerts via SMS, email, or app, with exact coordinates to allow swift response. Notifications are customized to your needs, so you can stay informed wherever you are.**

 ACT

**Location-specific alerts empower you to act quickly, protecting people, preserving infrastructure, and ensuring safety.Our system gives operators the critical data they need for rapid, effective action.**

## Hazard Warning relayed in

## SECONDS

## How Fast Is ImpactSentinel™?

Unlike many systems that claim to operate in real time but take minutes to deliver critical alerts, **ImpactSentinel™ delivers hazard warnings within seconds**. Specifically, our system ensures the moment a threat is detected, your team is informed — instantly. Furthermore, ImpactSentinel™ integrates with your existing setup, providing tailored rockfall landslide detection for your site. As a result, your operations remain protected 24/7.

 Request Call back Proven Applications in Action Our sensors excel in diverse scenarios

Targeted Rock Monitoring

Sensors attached directly to hazardous boulders to instantly detect movement, providing early warnings, thus reducing risk.

Pylon Stability

Track rockfall impacts and incline changes, supplying essential data to maintain integrity of the structure.

Track Monitoring

Monitors tracks and roads for obstructions, with optional camera integration for enhanced visibility and verification.

#### Automatic Barrier System

Installed on Switzerland’s Axenstrasse to detect rockfalls, triggering automatic road closures & protecting lives.

## Trusted by organisations across the globe

 One Purchase, Continuous Protection

The sensor and software are entirely yours, providing 24/7 protection without ongoing charges.

 Dependable Hazard Monitoring – No Subscriptions

ImpactSentinel™ offers comprehensive, real-time hazard monitoring with **no subscription fees** or hidden costs –
***Just one straightforward purchase.***

 MULTI-VARIABLE SENSORS FOR SAFETY AND MONITORING Video Camera Integration

Sensor automatically activates the camera enabling immediate remote visual observation.

 Rainfall & Wind Speed

System configurable to measure rain & wind, helping identify conditions that may influence rockfall or landslides

 Geotechnical Sensors

Inclinometer, seismometer, and extensometers can be integrated to monitor ground movement, seismic activity & structural changes.

 Light & Sound Monitoring

Additional sensors can be integrated to measure light and sound conditions

## One Sensor,
Endless Opportunities

ImpactSentinel™ sensors can be positioned to form a perimeter monitoring fence

#### Locate

#### Scan

#### Ride

Our sensors are designed to adapt to the most challenging and hazardous environments.
Whether you need to monitor specific hazards or enhance security, these multi-functional sensors can be configured to suit various applications

 Contact Us INGLAS Enquiry

---

### [TIR100-2 Emissometer Device](https://inglas.org/tir100-2-emissometer/)

**Published:** April 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

# TIR100-2 Emissometer

### One Click, Instant Measurement

 How it works The Solution for Precise, Effortless Emissivity Reading

## Introducing the tir100-2 Meter

The TIR100-2 is a portable, handheld emissometer that uses non- destructive technology to measure thermal emissivity in seconds.

Built in Germany, it’s designed to provide precision and reliability for a range of applications.

 Fast, Non-Destructive Measurement

Fast, accurate readings with no material alteration.

 Extensive Measurement Range

Measures from 0.05% to 99.9%, providing accurate readings across a wide spectrum

 High Precision Meter

Consistent accuracy across all material types, ensuring reliable results every time

 Portable and Versatile

Suitable for use in labs and on-site

 TIR100-2 Meter – The Important Information…

| Specification | TIR100-2 Value |
|---|---|
| Mains supply | 220-240 VAC 50/60 Hz 130 W or 100-230 VAC 50/60 Hz 260 W |
| Measuring range | ~ 0.010 – 0.980 (as per Calibration Standard) |
| Measurement uncertainty | ± 0.005 (low E) … ± 0.01 (high E) |
| Spectral range | 2.5 µm – 50 µm |
| λmax of radiant energy | 7.8 µm |
| Radiator temperature | 100 °C |
| Measuring duration | ≈ 5 seconds |
| Measuring spot | ≈ 5 mm |
| Interface | USB-B |
| Dimensions (W × H × D) | 230 mm × 140 mm × 120 mm |
| Weight (TIR100-2) | ≈ 2 kg |
| Power cord length | 1.5 m |
| Total weight (with case & calibration standard) | ≈ 9 kg |
| Ambient conditions | Operating: 15 °C – 30 °C r.H. < 70 % Transport & Storage: –10 °C – 60 °C r.H. < 85 % |

#### Need a more info?

#### Click below to see our FAQ’s

 TIR100 Emissometer

## Multi-Industry Adaptability

From solar panel coatings to cutting-edge technologies, the TIR100-2 Emissivity meter adapts seamlessly to the measurement needs of various industries, including energy, manufacturing, and research

Popular Applications Include :

- Solar Panel Coatings
- Glass and Metal Coatings
- Building Industry Foils
- Automotive and Satellite Components 3D-Printed Materials
- Textiles and Research Labs

 Book Now WHAT’S IN THE BOX? Two-in-One Calibration Standard: Features both low and high emissivity sides Hard Aluminum Case: Secure, portable storage. Power Supply Options: 115V or 230V available. Certificate of Calibration: Valid for two years, PTB Berlin traceable. English User Manual Interested in Renting the TIR100-2?

We offer the option to test our emissometer for two weeks, allowing you to determine if it meets your specific requirements.

If you decide to purchase the TIR100 Emissivity meter within six months, the rental fee will be fully reimbursed. In addition to this trial period, we also offer laboratory emissivity reading services and flexible rental options to support your testing needs.

 Request your obligation-free quote Click Here Contact Us

---

### [TIR - Frequently Asked Questions](https://inglas.org/faq-emissometer-reader/)

**Published:** May 15, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

#### Frequently Asked Questions

#### Operating the TIR100 Emissivity Reader

 How do I measure a sample with the TIR100-2?

- The TIR100 is an easy to use emissometer analytical instrument. Just one click of a button and you shall have the emissivity measurement results displayed for your sample. However, to ensure accuracy of results please follow the below guidelines of how to use our essmisivity reader:The TIR100 should be placed in a fixed position to guarantee no movement during measurement. It should also be at room temperature, free of drafts and any other environmental influences (ideally inside). The TIR100 should be switched on two hours prior measurements. This is to ensure that the temperature of the TIR100 black body is steadied at around 100°C.The TIR100 needs to be calibrated before measurements and is recommended to be calibrated every 10 – 20 minutes to compensate for thermal drift. Please make sure, that all calibration standards and samples are at the same room temperature as the TIR100.Place the sample in front of the TIR100, resting upon the rubber spacers and press “measure” on the touch screen display. You will receive your measured emissivity results as a decimal.Try to keep the time that the sample is in front of the TIR100 during measurement at a bare minimum (around 1 sec) as the sample will continue to heat up while in front of the TIR. This will affect your emissivity results. If you are planning to re-test the same sample, please make sure that you have given adequate time for the sample to cool down to room temperature (samples with high heat capacity will take longer to cool down).

 What critical perimeters should I watch for to achieve repeatable results?

- Temperature of the samples, calibration standard and the TIR100 must be equal
- Distance to the TIR100 black body radiator must be the same for samples and calibration standards
- Don’t move, tilt or change the orientation of the TIR100 after calibration and following measurements.
- Keep the surrounding area free of draft
- Ideally the sample should cover the complete opening of the black body half sphere (use sample holder if necessary)
- Transparent samples should be placed in front of a black body (i.e. our foil holder)
- Foils and other textile samples should be completely flat and wrinkle free. We recommend the use our sample holder to achieve this.

 How large should a sample be for an accurate and precise reading?

- The sample should have a minimum size of 70 x 70 mm for full resolution. This will ensure the complete coverage of the black body half sphere opening. It is possible to measure a smaller sample size at a reduced resolution. However, the size can be no less than 20 x 20 mm and it is advised to use a sample holder

 How does the TIR100-2 show my measurement results?

- The emissivity of the sample is shown as a three-decimal place number.

 How do I operate the TIR100-2?

Please refer to the TIR100-2 short video [**here**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ommsSP0Ros)

 Can I test foils and similar textiles?

- Yes, this is possible with the use of our purposely designed sample holder.

 Can I test textured surfaces?

- Yes, it is possible. However, we recommend testing all orientations of the sample.

 Is the TIR100 a non-destructive analytical instrument?

- Yes, the TIR100 is a non-destructive technique.

 How large is the spot tested on the sample?

- The spot tested on the sample is around 5mm in diameter and is formed from the centre of the black body half sphere opening.

 When do I have to recalibrate my calibration standard?

- We **strongly** recommend that the calibration standard is re-calibrated every two years periodically. This is to ensure that the results are still validated. This can be facilitated at our testing laboratory in Germany. If you are interested in re-calibrating your standards, please use our [contact form](https://inglas.org/?page_id=714) to enquire about this option.

#### **Purchasing a TIR100-2 Emissometer** 

 What does the TIR100-2 cost?

- Please fill out the [contact form ](https://inglas.org/?page_id=714)on our homepage and we will reply to you shortly with a formal quote including shipping costs.

 Do you ship worldwide?

- Yes, we ship worldwide\* to major airport hubs at a reasonable cost (depending region). However, it is possible to ship the TIR door-to-door at a higher cost.\* Please note that we may be affected by sanctions.

 What are the payment requirements?

- We require payment in advance. It is our policy to only commission the TIR100 once we have received payment in full.

 What is the expected delivery time for a TIR100?

- Generally, the TIR will be shipped between 4-8 weeks after payment received (depending on country of shipment).

 Can I try the TIR100 before purchasing a new unit?

- We do offer a two-week trial of the TIR100-2 for an initial rental fee plus shipping cost. An additional fee will be charged for every week from then on.If you do decide to purchase a new TIR100 unit within 6 months of your initial trial, we will gladly reimburse you this initial rental fee. This is excluding shipment costs and additional weekly fees after the initial rental period. If you are interested in this option, please fill out our [contact form](https://inglas.org/?page_id=714) to enquire about this possibility.

 I have one-off samples to be tested for emissivity. Can I send samples to be analysed?

- We do offer this service of analysing samples, when feasible. We require uncompromised samples to be shipped to us at our head office in Germany. Please fill out our [contact form](https://inglas.org/?page_id=714) to enquire about this possibility.

## Have a Different Question?

 Contact Form

---

### [ImpactSentinel™ – Frequently Asked Questions](https://inglas.org/faq-impactsentinel/)

**Published:** April 20, 2026
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

#### Technical FAQ: ImpactSentinel™

 Real-Time Geohazard Monitoring

#### Technical FAQ: ImpactSentinel™

ImpactSentinel™ is built for **real-time geohazard monitoring** across critical infrastructure and exposed environments. It is designed to detect impact, movement and instability where fast warning matters most — from railways and roads to tunnels, hydro sites and remote infrastructure.

 What types of hazards can ImpactSentinel™ help monitor?

- ImpactSentinel™ is designed for locations where impact, movement, instability or barrier interaction must be detected quickly. Depending on the site and setup, this can include rockfall, landslide-related movement, debris impact, structural loading and other geohazard-driven events affecting protective systems or exposed infrastructure.

 What is ImpactSentinel™?

- ImpactSentinel™ is a wireless real-time alarming and monitoring system for natural hazard barriers and exposed infrastructure. It can be used across railways, roads, tunnels, hydro sites, public thoroughfares, remote locations and other high-risk environments where rapid warning of geohazard-related events is needed.

 What does the W400 sensor detect?

- The W400 sensor combines three detection principles: a **3-axis MEMS accelerometer** for impact and vibration, **tilt monitoring** for movement over time, and a **mechanical pull-out mechanism** for major barrier events. It also monitors **temperature, voltage and RSSI** for system health and communication quality.

 How does the pull-out alarm work?

- The pull-out mechanism provides the direct alarm trigger for significant events affecting the monitored barrier section. The typical pull-out force is **500 N**, and the release force can be adjusted by changing the pull-out plate thickness.

 Does the ImpactSentinel™ system come with its own proprietary software?

Yes. **SAM (Sensor Actor Module)** is a tailorable data platform that can be used on its own or interfaced with existing control room or monitoring software. System-level thresholds and alarm logic can also be managed in SAM.

 Can ImpactSentinel™ be integrated with existing systems?

Yes, the **SAM (Sensor Actor Module)** platform can be intergrated with existing control room or monitoring software. System-level thresholds and alarm logic can also be managed in SAM.

 What impact thresholds can be used?

Typical programmed acceleration thresholds are:

- **2G** for high sensitivity
- **4G** for medium sensitivity
- **8G** for lower sensitivity in areas with higher background activity

This helps match the sensor behaviour to the site environment.

 Why is multi-variable sensing important?

- A geohazard monitoring system should not rely on one trigger type alone. By combining **pull-out, acceleration and tilt**, ImpactSentinel™ can detect sudden impacts, mechanical loading and movement over time across posts, nets, braking elements and other monitored components.

 How fast are ImpactSentinel™ alerts?

- ImpactSentinel™ is designed for real-time alarming within seconds. Depending on the communication path, alert delivery is typically around **2–4 seconds**, making it suitable for critical infrastructure where delayed updates are not enough.

 Can sampling rates and thresholds be adjusted?

- Yes. ImpactSentinel™ settings can support adjustable sampling rates via the sensor or the systems software. For example, tilt measurement can run at a slower interval to save battery, then switch to faster sampling during an event. Sensor thresholds can also be changed remotely via SAM.

 Where can the sensors be mounted?

- The sensor uses a universal mount and can be installed on:

    - posts
    - fence cables
    - brake cables
    - barriers
    - poles
    - ground or boulder posts
    - walls
    
    This makes the system suitable for both retrofit projects and new installations

 What installation details matter most?

- The detection cable should be routed as straight as possible, the pull-out anchor must not be slack, and the cable angle should stay within **45°** of the sensor so it can dislodge correctly during an event.

 How is communication quality checked during installation of the ImpactSentinel™ system?

Each sensor should be within reliable radio range of a base station or repeater. A recommended RSSI is **better than -90 dBm**, while values approaching **-100 dBm** are considered borderline and are not recommended for operational use.

 How does the full ImpactSentinel™ system work?

A standard setup includes:

**Sensor**
Monitors the protected element and sends event and health data.

**Repeaters** Extends the monitored area where greater range is needed.

**Base station**
Processes and evaluates incoming data.

**End user**
Receives alarms and status information.

 How are alerts delivered?

The base station can send alarms and status information via:

- SMS
- Email
- Dashboard
- existing monitoring software

Communication routes can include **GSM-R, 4G, LAN and optical fibre and Satellite**.

 Is the ImpactSentinel™ system suitable for harsh environments?

Yes. The ImpactSentinel™ system is designed for demanding outdoor use, with an operating temperature range of **-40 to +60°C**. ImpactSentinel™ sensors are also waterproof, shock resistant and suitable for exposed conditions. The Base Stations and the Repeaters are housed in waterproof cabinets. The cabinets can be adapted using climate controlling, such as fans or heaters. The ImpactSentinel sensors are housed in watertight aluminium case, which is shock resistant and suitable for exposed conditions.

 What certifications support the W400 sensor?

The W400 certification material lists completed compliance work against:

- **ETSI EN 300 220-1 V3.1.1**
- **ETSI EN 300 220-2 V3.1.1**
- **ETSI EN 301 489-1 V2.2.3**
- **ETSI EN 301 489-3 V2.3.2**

These standards are relevant for radio and EMC compliance.

 What redundancy options are available?

**Monitoring redundancy**
More than one sensor can cover the same barrier section.

**Network redundancy**
Sensors can relay through more than one route.

**Communication redundancy**
The base station can use more than one communication pathway to reach the end user.

 What maintenance is typically required?

ImpactSentinel™ is designed for low ongoing maintenance. Typical tasks include re-inserting the pull-out pin after an event, battery replacement at end of life, keeping solar panels clear where used, and routine lifecycle replacement of electronic components over time.

 Do customers buy the system outright?

Yes. A key commercial advantage is that the hardware is owned outright. This supports a **one purchase, continuous protection** model and avoids a subscription-only structure for the core system.

 Are there ongoing subscription fees?

**NO**: The core ownership model is based on outright hardware purchase, not rented hardware. That means dependable hazard monitoring without subscription fees for the main system.

 Can ImpactSentinel™ be integrated with local warning systems?

Yes. ImpactSentinel™ can be connected to visual and audio warning aids to provide immediate local alerts when an alarm condition occurs. These warning aids can include sirens, warning lights, boom gates, barriers, and other externally powered devices. They are typically controlled through a relay switch unit, which receives commands from the base station or repeater and activates the connected warning devices. This allows the system not only to detect a hazard event in real time, but also to trigger clear on-site warnings for personnel, the public, or traffic control.

 What system variations are available?

ImpactSentinel™ is adaptable to a wide range of site conditions and operational requirements, making it suitable for both large permanent monitoring installations and smaller or temporary site-specific applications.

 What applications is ImpactSentinel™ suited to?

ImpactSentinel™ can be used across a wide range of applications, including:

**Railways**
For real-time monitoring of geohazard-related events affecting routes and protective systems.

**Roads and highways**
For monitoring exposed corridors, roadside barriers and automatic closure systems.

**Tunnels and portal zones**
For detecting instability, impact events and changes near critical access points.

**Hydro sites and utilities**
For monitoring exposed assets and perimeter protection.

**Remote and isolated infrastructure**
For locations where fast warning is needed but access is difficult.

**Targeted hazard points**
Sensors can also be attached directly to unstable boulders, structures or specific risk areas to detect movement.

 What add-ons can be integrated?

ImpactSentinel™ can be expanded with:

- video cameras
- rain sensors
- wind sensors
- light sensors
- sound sensors
- inclinometers
- seismometers
- extensometers

Cameras can be triggered automatically after an event and can also be accessed remotely for inspection.

 What makes ImpactSentinel™ different?

ImpactSentinel™ combines real-time alarming, multi-variable sensing, W400 configurability, flexible mounting, add-on integration, redundancy and outright ownership in one platform. For operators across transport, infrastructure and high-risk environments, that means faster warning and more practical action when conditions change.

 Contact Us INGLAS Enquiry

---

### [Contact](https://inglas.org/contact/)

**Published:** April 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

Contact Us

---

### [About](https://inglas.org/about/)

**Published:** April 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

About Us ### Our Origins: Innovation Rooted in Glass

INGLAS began with deep expertise in **advanced glass technologies**, where precision, thermal behavior, and material science intersect. Our early work focused on solving complex challenges in **glass surface coatings, thermal dynamics, and optical measurement**—domains that demand accuracy and scientific rigor.

This foundation shaped how we approach technology: with a focus on **exact measurement, reliable performance, and real-world functionality**.

As industries evolved, so did we. Drawing on that technical legacy, we expanded into **sensor development, emissivity measurement, and hazard detection**—applying the same principles of precision and durability to new environments, from mountain railways to industrial sites.

What started as innovation in glass has grown into a company trusted to **detect danger, deliver data, and protect what matters most.**

Our mission is to empower businesses of all sizes to achieve their full potential. We strive to deliver top-notch solutions that are tailored to meet the specific needs of each client. Our goal is to foster long-term partnerships built on trust, integrity, and a shared vision of success. We are dedicated to providing actionable strategies and support that drive real, measurable results.

### What We Do

We specialize in:

- **Hazard Detection Systems** – real-time monitoring of landslides, rockfall, snowfall, and other geological risks
- **Emissivity Readers** – precision instruments for quick, accurate surface emissivity measurement across multiple materials
- **Security Sensors** – movement recognition devices for protecting remote, high-value, or temporary installations

Our systems are used by **railway operators, energy providers, industrial manufacturers, and safety professionals** across Europe and beyond—helping prevent accidents, reduce downtime, and ensure peace of mind.

 Our Promise

- Commitment to industries, by identifying problems and seeking innovative solutions using long-term foresight.
- Commitment to clients, by assisting in achieving individual client goals, building successful long-term relationships and combining expertise to streamline results.
- Commitment to reliability, by manufacturing exceptional quality products made to last and a determination to see projects until the end.

 Need more information? Contact Form Or click below to view our products

---

### [SSL - Smart Safety Line](https://inglas.org/ssl-smart-safety-line/)

**Published:** April 28, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

Coming Soon

# The SSL

Smart Safety Line

---

### [ImpactSentinel™ Projects in Switzerland](https://inglas.org/impact-sentinel-projects-rockfall/)

**Published:** August 15, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

How ImpactSentinel™ is Protecting Switzerland’s Infrastructure #### Click on the yellow location points for more information

 ![Rockfall Monitoring in Switzerland by ImpactSentinel™](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Impact-Sentinel-Map-1.png)

        ## Gotthard Tunnel Entrance - Erstfeld Rynächt, Switzerland

 ![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/GotthardTunnel1-1024x768.jpeg) 

Gotthard Tunnel Portal Monitoring : Sensors installed near tunnel entrances detect rockfalls where trains exit at high speed with limited visibility. Active since 2014, the system now covers over 200 km of alpine track.
👉 [Read more](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-gotthard/)

## Steep Angle Barriers - Gurtnellen Gitziloch, Switzerland

 ![Rockfall fence installed above railway infrastructure on the Old Gotthard Track in Switzerland with ImpactSentinel sensors for real-time monitoring](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Steepangled-1-768x1024.jpeg) 

A barrier and fence system installed above a tunnel entrance protects against large rockfall. Due to high-risk access, the system required special safety planning and climbing expertise.
👉[ Read more](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-steep-angle-barrier-gotthard/)

## Low KJ Barriers - Giof, Switzerland

 ![Engineers wearing safety helmets and vests install an Impact Sentinel rockfall monitoring sensor on a protective barrier beside a railway track in a mountainous area.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/IMG_2982-scaled-e1784734872176-1024x744.jpg) 

Deployed in lower-risk areas, these lightweight 2.5 m fences are designed to **detect**, not absorb, impacts from rock, snow, or trees. One installation spans 400+ meters with over 40 sensors.
👉[ Read more](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-rail-industry/)

## Wall Monitoring Sensor - Faido, Switzerland

 ![ImpactSentinel sensor mounted on the Gotthard railway tunnel wall to detect vibration and structural movement.](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Sensor-in-slope-net-1024x461.jpg) 

Located where one track runs through a tunnel and another outside, this system monitors a 100-year-old stone wall for movement that could pose a risk to passing trains. Three sensors detect tilt, vibration, and the potential of a collapse.
👉 [Read more](https://inglas.org/tunnel-wall-stability-monitoring-gotthard/)

## Remote Long Distance Communication - Flueli, Switzerland

 ![](https://inglas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/465149169_8946806868683573_8979204705087246397_n-846x1024.jpg) 

In rugged terrain without infrastructure, systems rely on solar power and wireless relays to transmit sensor data up to 2.5 km. Redundancy ensures coverage across forest, cliff, and valley zones.
[👉 Read more](https://inglas.org/rockfall-monitoring-in-remote-areas/)

## Targeted Rockfall Monitoring - Switzerland

Installed in 2024 following a major debris flow, this dual-system monitors the rock glacier for long-term movement and provides real-time alerts for sudden events like rockfalls. A targeted sensor is mounted on multiple place points to detect potential collapse.
👉 [Read more ](#)

---

### [Our Systems](https://inglas.org/services-2/)

**Published:** April 14, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

**Content:**

The INGLAS Systems ### Real-Time Detection Sensor

ImpactSentinel is an intelligent wireless sensor alarming system, which can be employed for a variety of applications for real time surveillance. It forewarns oncoming hazardous disasters, such as **landslides**, **avalanches** and **rock falls**.

 Learn More

### TIR100 Emissivity Reader

TIR100-2 is a quick and easy to use analytical instrument that allows for a **one-click measurement** of thermal emissivity. This compact, portable and accurate device can be employed on a **variety of materials** and surfaces.

 View More information needed?

Schedule a free consultation with our expert team to discuss your business needs and goals. We’ll provide you with valuable insights and a clear path forward, tailored specifically for your company.

 Contact Us

---

### [Privacy Policy](https://inglas.org/privacy-policy/)

**Published:** April 7, 2020
**Author:** Inglas

**Content:**

## **Privacy Policy**

**Name and contact details of the responsible person according to article 4 paragraph. 7 DSGVO**

INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG
Anna Anderson
Muschelweg 19
88697 Bermatingen – Ahausen

Phone: 0 75 44 / 90 492 -98
Fax: 0 75 44 / 90 492 -95
info@inglas.org

**Security and protection of your personal data**

We consider it our primary responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of the personal information you provide and to take the protection of your personal information very seriously.

As a private company, we are subject to the provisions of the European Data Protection Regulation (DSGVO) and the regulations of the Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG). We have taken technical and organizational measures to ensure compliance with data protection regulations.

The use of our website is usually possible without providing personal information. When personal data is collected on our site (for example name, address or email address) it is, as far as possible, always on a voluntary basis. These data will not be disclosed to third parties without your explicit consent.
We point out the fact that data transmission over the Internet (e.g. when communicating by e-mail) may involve gaps in security.

**Definitions**

Legislation requires that personal data be processed lawfully, in good faith and in a manner that is reasonable for the data subject (“lawfulness, fairness, transparency”).

For the purposes of this Regulation:

1. ‘personal data’ means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person;
2. ‘processing’ means any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction;
3. ‘restriction of processing’ means the marking of stored personal data with the aim of limiting their processing in the future;
4. ‘profiling’ means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person’s performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements;
5. ‘pseudonymisation’ means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person;
6. ‘filing system’ means any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to specific criteria, whether centralised, decentralised or dispersed on a functional or geographical basis;
7. ‘controller’ means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law;
8. ‘processor’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of the controller;
9. 1‘recipient’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed, whether a third party or not. 2However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the processing;
10. ‘third party’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data;
11. ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject’s wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her;
 
#### **Lawfulness of processing**

The processing of personal data is only lawful if there is a legal basis for processing. The legal basis for the processing may, in accordance with Article 6 para. 1 lit. a – f DSGVO in particular:

1. the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes;
2. processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
3. processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject;
4. processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person;
5. processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller;
6. processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child.
 
**Information on the collection, processing and usage of your personal data**

In the following we inform about the collection of personal data when using our website. Personal data are e.g. name, address, e-mail addresses, user behavior.

**Contact by e-mail or contact form**

When contacting us by e-mail or via the contact form, the information you provide (your e-mail address, your name and your telephone number, if applicable) will be stored by us to answer your questions. We delete the data collected in this context after the storage is no longer required, or the processing is restricted, if legal storage obligations exist.

**Collection of personal data when visiting our website**

In the case of merely informative use of the website, i.e. if you do not register or otherwise provide us with information, we only collect the personal data that your browser transmits to our server. If you wish to view our website, we collect the following data which is technically necessary for us to display our website and to ensure its stability and security (legal basis is Art. 6 (1) sentence 1 lit. DSGVO):

- IP address
- Date and time of the request
- Time Zone Difference to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
- Content of the requirement (actual page)
- Access Status / HTTP status code
- Amount of data transmitted
- Website from which the request comes
- Browser
- Operating system and its interface
- Language and version of the browser software.
 
This data cannot be allocated to specific persons. This data is not merged with other data sources. We reserve the right to check this data retrospectively if we become aware of concrete indications of illegal use.

**Use of cookies**

In addition to the aforementioned data, cookies are stored on your computer when using our website. Cookies are small text files that are stored on your hard drive, assigned to the browser you are using, and that provide certain information to the body that sets the cookie. Cookies cannot run programs or transmit viruses to your computer. They serve to make the Internet service more user-friendly and effective overall.

This website uses the following types of cookies, the scope and operation of which are explained below:

Transient cookies and Persistent cookies.

Transient cookies are automatically deleted when you close the browser. These include the session cookies in particular. These store a so-called session ID, with which various requests from your browser can be assigned to the common session. This will allow your computer to be recognized when you return to our website. The session cookies are deleted when you log out or close the browser.

Persistent cookies are automatically deleted after a specified period, which may differ depending on the cookie. You can delete the cookies in the security settings of your browser at any time.

You can configure your browser setting according to your wishes and e.g. decline the acceptance of third-party cookies or all cookies. Undertow. “Third Party Cookies” are cookies that have been set by a third party, and therefore not by the actual website on which you are currently located. Please note that disabling cookies may not enable you to use all features of this website.

**YouTube**

Our website uses plugins from the Google-operated site YouTube.

The operating company of YouTube is YouTube, LLC, 901 Cherry Ave., San Bruno, CA 94066, UNITED STATES. The YouTube, LLC is a subsidiary of Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043-1351, UNITED STATES.

When you visit one of our sites equipped with a YouTube plugin, a connection is established to the YouTube servers. The Youtube server will be informed which of our pages you have visited. If you are logged into your YouTube account, you allow YouTube to associate your browsing behaviour directly with your personal profile. You can prevent this by logging out of your YouTube account.

YouTube’s data protection provisions, available at &lt;https://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/>, provide information about the collection, processing and use of personal data by YouTube and Google.

**Use of Google Analytics**

(1) This website uses Google Analytics, a web analytics service provided by Google Inc. (“Google”). Google Analytics uses so-called “cookies”, text files that are stored on your computer and that allow an analysis of the use of the website by you. The information generated by the cookie about your use of this website is usually transmitted to a Google server in the USA and stored there. However, in the event of activation of IP anonymisation on this website, your IP address will be shortened beforehand by Google within member states of the European Union or in other contracting states of the Agreement on the European Economic Area. Only in exceptional cases will the full IP address be sent to a Google server in the US and shortened there. On behalf of the operator of this website, Google will use this information to evaluate your use of the website, to compile reports on website activity and to provide other services related to website usage and internet usage to the website operator.

(2) The IP address transmitted by Google Analytics as part of Google Analytics will not be merged with other data provided by Google.

(3) You can prevent the storage of cookies by setting your browser software accordingly; however, please note that if you do this, you may not be able to use all the features of this website to the fullest extent possible. You may also prevent the collection by Google of the data generated by the cookie and related to your use of the website (including your IP address) as well as the processing of this data by Google by using the browser plug-in available under the following link. in download and install: [http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=en](http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=de).

(4) This website uses Google Analytics with the extension “\_anonymizeIp ()”. As a result, IP addresses are processed shortened, a person-relatedness can be excluded. Insofar as the data collected about you is assigned a personal reference, it will be immediately excluded and the personal data will be deleted immediately.

(5) We use Google Analytics to analyze and regularly improve the use of our website. With the statistics we can improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user. For the exceptional cases in which Personal Information is transferred to the US, Google has submitted to the EU-US Privacy Shield, &lt;https://www.privacyshield.gov/EU-US> Framework. The legal basis for the use of Google Analytics is Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f DSGVO.

(6) Third-party information: Google Dublin, Google Ireland Ltd., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland, Fax: +353 (1) 436 1001. Terms of Use: &lt;http://www.google.com/analytics/terms/en.html> Privacy Policy: &lt;http://www.google.com/intl/de/analytics/learn/privacy.html>, and the privacy policy: &lt;http://www.google.com/analytics/learn/privacy.html> &lt;http://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy>.

(7) This website also uses Google Analytics for a cross-device analysis of visitor flows, which is carried out via a user ID. You can disable the cross-device analysis of your usage under My Data, Personal Information in your customer account.

**Children**

Our offer is basically for adults. Persons under the age of 18 should not submit any personal data to us without the consent of their parents or guardians.

#### **Rights of the person concerned**

**Revocation of consent**

If the processing of the personal data is based on a given consent, you have the right to revoke the consent at any time. The revocation of consent does not affect the legality of the processing carried out on the basis of the consent until the revocation.

For the exercise of the right of withdrawal, you can always contact us.

**Right of confirmation**

You have the right to ask us to confirm that we are processing personal data concerning you. You can request confirmation at any time using the contact details above.

**Right of information**

If personal data is processed, you can request information about this personal data at any time.

If personal data are transmitted to a third country or to an international organization, you have the right to be informed of the appropriate safeguards under Article 46 of the GDPR in connection with the transfer. We provide a copy of the personal data that is the subject of the processing. For any additional copies you request of a person, we may charge a reasonable fee based on the administrative costs. If the application is submitted electronically, the information must be provided in a standard electronic format, unless otherwise stated. The right to receive a copy under paragraph 3 shall not affect the rights and freedoms of others.

**(5) Right of cancellation (“right to be forgotten”)**

You have the right to request from the controller that your personal data be deleted immediately and we are obliged to delete personal data immediately if one of the following applies:

- The personal data are no longer necessary for the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed.
- The data subject revokes their consent to the processing
- Personal data has been processed unlawfully.
- The deletion of personal data is required to fulfil a legal obligation under EU or national law, to which the controller is subject.
 
The right to cancel (“right to be forgotten”) does not exist if the processing is required:

- to exercise the right to freedom of expression and information;
- to fulfill a legal obligation
- for reasons of public interest in the field of public health
- for archival purposes of public interest, for scientific or historical research purposes or for statistical purposes
- to assert, exercise or defend legal claims
 
If the controller has made the personal data publicly available and is required to erase it in accordance with paragraph 1, taking into account the technology available and the implementation costs, they shall take appropriate measures, including technical ones, to inform data controllers who process the personal data that a data subject has requested that they delete all links to such personal data or copies or replications of such personal data.

**Right to restriction of processing**

You have the right to request that we restrict the processing of your personal data if any of the following conditions apply:

- the accuracy of the data is disputed by the data subject
- the processing is unlawful
- the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of processing, but the data subject requires them to assert, exercise or defend legal claims
- the data subject objects to processing under Article 21 (1) GDPR
 
In order to exercise the right to limit processing, the data subject may contact us at any time using the contact details provided above.

**Right to data portability**

You have the right to receive the personal data you provide to us in a structured, common and machine-readable format, and you have the right to transfer that information to others without hindrance by the controller to whom the personal data were transmitted, provided that

- the processing is based on a consent pursuant to Article 6 (1) (a) or 9 (2) (a) or a contract pursuant to Article 6 (1) (b) GDPR and
- the processing is carried out by automated means.
 
When exercising the right to data portability in accordance with paragraph 1, you have the right to obtain that the personal data are transmitted directly from one controller to another, as far as technically feasible. The exercise of the right to data portability is without prejudice to the right of cancellation (the “right to be forgotten”). This right does not apply to processing necessary for the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority delegated to the controller.

**Right to object**

You have the right, for reasons of your own particular situation, to object at any time to the processing of personal data relating to you pursuant to Article 6 (1) (e) or (f) of the GDPR; this also applies to profiling based on these provisions. The controller no longer processes the personal data unless they can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for processing that outweigh the interests, rights and freedoms of the data subject, or the processing is for the purpose of enforcing, pursuing or defending legal claims.

If personal data is processed in order to operate direct mail, you have the right to object at any time to the processing of personal data concerning you for the purpose of such advertising; this also applies to profiling insofar as it is associated with such direct mail. If you object to the processing for direct marketing purposes, the personal data will no longer be processed for these purposes.

Regarding the use of information society services, regardless of Directive 2002/58 / EC, you can exercise your right to object through automated procedures that use technical specifications.

You have the right, for reasons of your own particular situation, to object to the processing of personal data concerning you for scientific or historical research purposes or for statistical purposes under Article 89 (1), except when: the processing is necessary to fulfill a public interest task.

The right of objection can be exercised at any time by contacting the respective controller.

**Automated decisions on a case-by-case basis, including profiling**

You have the right not to be subjected to a decision based solely on automated processing – including profiling – that will have legal effect or similarly affect you in a similar manner. This does not apply if the decision:

- is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller,
- is permitted by Union or Member State legislation to which the controller is subject, and that legislation is adequate to safeguard the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the person concerned or
- is made with the express consent of the data subject.
 
The controller shall take reasonable steps to safeguard the rights and freedoms and legitimate interests of the data subject, including at least the right to obtain the intervention of a person on behalf of the controller, to express his or her own position and to challenge the decision.

This right can be exercised by the data subject at any time by addressing himself to the controller.

**Right to complain to a supervisory authority**

Furthermore, without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, you shall have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of your residence, place of work or place of alleged infringement, if the data subject considers that the processing concerns them personal data breaches this Regulation.

**Right to effective judicial remedy**

Without prejudice to an available administrative or extrajudicial remedy, including the right to complain to a supervisory authority under Article 77 of the GDPR, you shall have the right to an effective judicial remedy you consider that your rights under this regulation have been violated by processing your data in a way that is not in accordance with this regulation.

#### **Processors**

We use external service providers (processors), e.g. for the dispatch of goods and server hosting. Data processing contracts have been made with these service providers to ensure the protection of your personal data.

We work together with the following service providers:

STRATO Webhosting
TRANSCO Süd Internationale Transporte GmbH
Schenker Deutschland AG, Spedition

---

### [Impressum](https://inglas.org/impressum/)

**Published:** June 3, 2020
**Author:** Inglas

**Content:**

## **Legal Notice**

The following information is required under German law.

**Responsible for the content is:**

| INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG Muschelweg 19 88697 BermatingenGermany Phone.: +49 (0)7544 / 904 92 – 90 Fax: +49 (0)7544 / 904 92 – 95 info@inglas.org https://inglas.org/ |  |
|---|---|

 CEO‘s: Ryan Anderson, Alexander Kirmes
Legal Registrar: Registergericht Freiburg i. Br. HRA 703845
Personally liable partner: INGLAS Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH, Bermatingen, Reg.Ger. Freiburg i.Br. HRB 711812

VAT ID: DE 811 869 432

Disclaimer:

Despite careful content control, we do not assume any liability for the content of external links. The operators of the linked pages are solely responsible for their content.

According to article 14 paragraph 1 ODR regulation the European Commission offers the possibility for online dispute resolution on a platform operated by the EC. This platform can be reached via this external link: [ec.europa.eu/ consumers/odr/](https://ec.europa.eu/%20consumers/odr/).

Copyright 2025 INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG

Further publication of contents and pictures are only allowed with written consent by INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG

---

### [General Terms & Conditions](https://inglas.org/general-terms-conditions/)

**Published:** June 3, 2020
**Author:** Inglas

**Content:**

## **General Terms and Conditions of Sale and Delivery** **for INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG**

– “INGLAS” –

I. General provisions

- All supplies of goods and services, as well as all offers, from INGLAS – hereinafter referred to as the “Supplier” – shall be exclusively based on these General Terms and Conditions. They likewise apply to all future business relationships, even if they are not expressly agreed again. Any conflicting or differing general terms and conditions of the customer are not recognised.
- Documents related to offers and cost estimates, such as illustrations, drawings, weights and dimensions, are only approximate unless they are expressly designated as binding. The Supplier reserves the proprietary rights and copyrights to cost estimates, drawings and other documents; they may not be disclosed to third parties without the prior consent of the Supplier. Unless a contract is concluded, such documents are to be returned at our request without undue delay.

II. Scope of supply

- The Supplier’s written order confirmation shall be relevant for the scope of supply; in the case of an offer by the Supplier with a time commitment and acceptance of the offer within the specified period, the offer shall be relevant if no timely order confirmation has been received. Ancillary agreements and amendments require written confirmation from the Supplier.
- Partial deliveries are permissible, provided they are reasonable for the customer and not contrary to the purpose of the contract. Notice of unreasonable partial deliveries, as well as incorrect deliveries, shall be given without undue delay.

III. Prices and terms of payment

- Prices are stated ex works excluding packaging plus the applicable value added tax.
- If the Supplier has assumed responsibility for assembly or installation and unless otherwise agreed, the customer shall bear all necessary ancillary costs, such as travel expenses, costs for the transport of tools and personal luggage as well as allowances in addition to the agreed remuneration.
- In the absence of a special agreement, payments are due 30 days after invoicing, in cash to Supplier’s payment agent without deduction.
- The customer may only assert a set-off or rights of retention in relation to claims that are undisputed or have been determined by a final judgement.
- Unless otherwise agreed, payments by cheque, bill of exchange or a so-called cheque and bill transaction are accepted solely on account of performance. In such cases, fulfilment shall only occur upon redemption by cash payment or credit note, however at the earliest when which liability under a right of recourse lapses.
- The Supplier reserves the right to transfer or resell claims against the customer, in particular for the purpose of factoring and collection.
- The Supplier expressly reserves the right to invoice the costs of preparing offers and cost estimates on a time and materials basis.
- All claims of the Supplier shall become immediately due for payment if the customer stops payments, is overindebted or if a petition is made to commence insolvency proceedings or if the customer is in default of payment of bills of exchange or cheques that have fallen due. This applies likewise in the event of any other significant deterioration in the financial circumstances of the customer. In such cases, the Supplier is entitled to demand sufficient security or withdraw from the contract.

IV. Delivery time

- The observance of deadlines for deliveries presupposes the timely receipt of all documents to be supplied by the customer, necessary approvals, releases, signatures, in particular of plans as well as the observance of the agreed terms of payment and other obligations by the customer. The delivery period shall be deemed to have been met if the delivery item has left the plant or readiness for shipment has been communicated prior to its expiry.
- The delivery period shall be extended appropriately in the event of actions related to industrial disputes, in particular strikes and lockouts, as well as in the event of unforeseen obstacles which are beyond the control of the Supplier, insofar as such obstacles demonstrably have a considerable influence on the completion or supply of the delivery item. This shall also apply if the circumstances affect sub-contractors. The Supplier is likewise not responsible for the circumstances described above if they occur during an ongoing delay. In urgent cases, the Supplier shall inform the customer of the beginning and end of any such hindrances as soon as possible.
- If the customer suffers damage due to a delay for which the Supplier is at fault, it shall be entitled to claim compensation for the delay to the exclusion of further claims. Such damages equal one-half percent for each week or part thereof, limited however to no more than five percent of the value of that part of the total supply that cannot be used on a timely basis or in accordance with the contract as a result of the delay.
- If shipment is delayed at the request of the customer, commencing one month after notification of readiness for shipment, the customer will be charged for the costs incurred by storage at the Supplier’s works at a minimum of one-half percent of the invoiced amount for each month. However, the Supplier is entitled to otherwise dispose of the delivery item upon the expiry of a reasonable grace period it has set and to supply the customer within a reasonable, extended period.
- Compliance with the delivery period presupposes fulfilment of all respective contractual obligations by the customer.

V. Passage of risk and acceptance

- The risk of destruction, deterioration or loss of the delivery item shall pass no later than upon shipment of the delivery items to the customer or to the end user designated by the customer, even if partial deliveries are made or the Supplier has assumed other costs such as the costs of shipment or transport and installation. In the event that acceptance of the delivery item has been agreed in the contract, this shall be decisive for the passage of risk.
- If shipment is delayed due to circumstances for which the customer is responsible, risk shall pass to the customer on the day of readiness for shipment.
- If acceptance of the delivery is owed or agreed, the customer must examine the delivery without undue delay following receipt and assert any objections. If objections based on patent defects are not raised without undue delay, and no later than within 10 working days after receipt, the delivery is deemed to have been accepted. The same applies in the event that the customer does not perform an inspection or refuses to do so.
- The customer is not entitled to refuse acceptance/receipt of the delivery due on grounds of a minor defect.

VI. Installation and assembly

The following provisions apply to installation and assembly unless otherwise agreed in writing:

- The customer is required to bear its costs and provide the following on a timely basis:
- all ancillary work outside the respective industry segment including the related qualified personnel and labour, building material and tools;
- required equipment and consumables necessary for assembly and commissioning/start-up, such as scaffolding, lifting gear and other devices;
- energy and water at the point of use;
- sufficiently large suitable dry and lockable rooms at the place of assembly for the storage of machine parts, apparatus, materials, tools, etc. and appropriate working and recreation rooms including sanitary facilities appropriate to the circumstances for assembly personnel, otherwise the customer shall take the same measures for the protection of the possessions of the Supplier and assembly personnel at the construction site as it would take for the protection of its own property;
- protective clothing and protective equipment necessary based on special circumstances at the assembly sites.
- Assembly, operating and maintenance instructions must be checked by the customer immediately for understandability and accuracy. The Supplier must be informed without undue delay as needed. Affected work must be suspended until clarification of any problems of understanding that have arisen and any errors in the operating, assembly and maintenance instructions that have been identified.
- Prior to commencement of the assembly work, the customer shall provide the necessary information on the location of concealed power, gas and water lines or similar facilities as well as necessary structural data on its own initiative.
- Prior to installation or assembly, the materials and equipment necessary for commencement of work must be available on the installation or assembly site and any preparatory work must have advanced to such a degree that installation or assembly can be started as agreed and carried out without interruption. Access roads and the installation and assembly site must be levelled and cleared.
- If installation, assembly or commissioning is delayed due to circumstances for which the Supplier is not responsible, the customer shall bear the reasonable costs incurred for downtimes and any additional travel required of the Supplier or assembly personnel.
- The customer shall provide the Supplier weekly documentation of the number of working hours for installation personnel and the completion of the installation, assembly or commissioning without undue delay.

VII. Retention of title

- Goods are delivered subject to retained title (goods subject to retained title). The delivery item shall remain the property of the Supplier until all its claims against the customer arising from the business relationship have been fulfilled. If the value of all security rights to which the Supplier is entitled exceeds the amount of all secured claims by more than 20%, the Supplier shall release a corresponding part of the security rights at the request of the customer.
- For the period during which title is retained, the customer may not pledge the goods subject to retained title or use them as security; resale shall be permitted only to resellers in the ordinary course of their business and only on condition that the reseller receives payment from its customers or imposes the condition that title shall not pass to the customer until the customer has met its payment obligations in full.
- If the customer sells goods subject to retained title, it hereby assigns to the Supplier by way of security its future claims in relation to its customers arising from such resales together with all ancillary rights, including any account balance claims, without the need for any special declarations at a later date. If the goods subject to retained title are resold together with other items without an individual price having been agreed for the goods subject to retained title, the customer shall assign to the Supplier, with priority over the remaining claim, that part of the claim to the total price corresponding to the price of the goods subject to retained title invoiced by the Supplier.
- If a legitimate interest is substantiated, the customer shall provide the Supplier information necessary to assert its rights against the customers and supply all necessary documents.
- Until revoked, the customer is authorised to collect claims subject to assignment related to resales. The Supplier shall be entitled to revoke the customer’s right to collect provided there is good cause, in particular default of payment, cessation of payments, opening of insolvency proceedings, protest of a bill of exchange or if there are comparable indicators suggesting that the customer is insolvent. In addition, the Supplier may disclose the assignment for security purposes, recover assigned claims and demand that the customer disclose the assignment for security purposes to its customer, after prior warning to the customer that it will disclose the assignment for security purposes or recover the assigned claims upon expiry of a reasonable period.
- The customer is permitted to process, transform or combine goods subject to retained title with other items. Any such processing, transformation or combination is carried out for the Supplier. The customer shall store the new item for the Supplier with the care of a prudent businessman. The processed, transformed or combined item shall be deemed to be goods subject to retained title.
- In case of processing, transformation or combination with other items not belonging to the Supplier, the Supplier is entitled to a right of co-ownership in the new item to the proportion resulting from the ratio of the value of the processed, transformed or combined goods subject to retained title to the value of the other processed goods at the time of processing, transformation or combination. If the customer acquires sole ownership of the new item, the Supplier and the customer agree that the customer shall grant the Supplier co-ownership in the new item created by processing, transformation or combination in the ratio of the value of the processed, transformed or combined goods subject to retained title to the other processed, transformed or combined goods at the time of processing, transformation or combination.
- In the event of the sale of the new goods, the customer hereby assigns to the Supplier by way of security its claim against its customer from the resale with all ancillary rights, without the need for further special declarations. However, the assignment shall only apply to the amount corresponding to the value of the processed, transformed or combined goods subject to retained title invoiced by the Supplier. The portion of the claim assigned to the Supplier shall be satisfied as a matter of priority. Section 3 c) applies accordingly with regard to collection authority and the requirements for revocation.
- If the customer combines the retained goods with real estate or movable objects, the customer shall, without the need for further declarations, likewise assign its claim to which it is entitled as remuneration for the combined item to the Supplier by way of security, together with all ancillary rights, in the amount of the relationship of the value of the combined retained goods to the other combined goods at the time of combination. The portion of the claim assigned to the Supplier shall be satisfied as a matter of priority. Section 3 c) applies accordingly with regard to collection authority and the requirements for revocation.
- The customer shall notify the Supplier of any seizure, confiscation or other dispositions or interventions by third parties without undue delay.
- In case of a culpable violation of material contractual obligations by the customer, especially in case of default of payment, the Supplier is entitled to retake possession of the goods following a warning to such effect. The customer is obligated to surrender the goods. Retaking possession or the assertion of the reservation of title or attachment of the goods subject to delivery by the Supplier does not represent withdrawal from the contract unless the Supplier has expressly declared its withdrawal. After prior warning, the Supplier is entitled to dispose of repossessed goods subject to retained title and to satisfy its claims from the proceeds subject to offset for outstanding claims.

VIII. Investigation of defects and warranty

- The customer shall inspect the products subject to delivery without undue delay upon receipt, provided that this is feasible in the ordinary course of business, and, if a defect is found, shall notify the Supplier without undue delay.
- If the customer fails to notify us, the goods will be deemed to have been accepted unless the defect was not identifiable during inspection.
- The Supplier is liable for defects related to the delivery to the exclusion of further claims as follows:
- All parts or services that, within 12 months from the date of the passage of risk, do not have the contractually agreed or assumed quality as a result of a circumstance existing prior to the passage of risk, without limitation including faulty design, poor materials or defective workmanship, or are not suitable for normal use or do not have a quality which is usual and expected for items of the same type, or are otherwise defective from a legal standpoint, shall be repaired or replaced (supplementary performance) free of charge at the discretion of the Supplier. The warranty period for used parts is six months. The Supplier must be informed of the discovery of defects in writing. For essential third-party products, the Supplier’s liability is limited to the assignment of the liability claims to which it is entitled against the provider of the respective third-party product.
- After consultation with the Supplier, the customer must give the Supplier the necessary time and opportunity to carry out all repairs and replacements (supplementary performance) which the Supplier deems necessary in the reasonable exercise of its discretion. The Supplier is released from liability for defects in all other cases. The Supplier is entitled to refuse supplementary performance to the extent that this is would require disproportionate costs or disproportionate effort. In specific cases, the Supplier may demand that rejected parts and other supplies be sent to the Supplier for repair. Only in urgent cases of risks to operational safety and to prevent disproportionately high damages – whereby the Supplier must be notified immediately in such cases – or if the Supplier is in default of curing the defect concerned, shall the customer have the right to cure the defect itself or have it cured by third parties and to demand reimbursement of necessary costs from the Supplier. Replaced parts shall become the property of the Supplier. The warranty period for replacement parts and repairs is six months, provided that such period shall run at least until the expiry of the original warranty period for the relevant supply of goods or services. The limitation period for liability for defects in the relevant supply of goods or services shall be extended by periods related to attempts a cure.
- Of the direct costs arising from a repair or replacement delivery, the Supplier shall, provided that the complaint proves to be legitimate, bear the costs of the replacement part, including shipment, as well as the reasonable costs of dismantling and installation, and furthermore, if this may be reasonably demanded in the respective case, the costs of any necessary provision of installers or other labourers within the scope of a lawful cost ceiling to be agreed separately. The customer shall bear the costs in all other cases. The customer shall also bear any additional costs arising from the fact that the repair or replacement delivery carried out by the Supplier is performed at a place other than the contractual place of delivery, for example at the customer’s end customer. Costs incurred by the Supplier as a result of illegitimate complaints concerning supplies of parts and services are to be borne by the customer to a reasonable extent.
- No guarantee is given for natural wear and tear and component-specific wear and tear, unless such wear and tear does not correspond to the technical standard for expendable parts or relates to damage occurring after the passage of risk for the following reasons:
- external influences, such as liquid, humidity, vibrations and similar factors, unsuitable, improper use, transport or storage, faulty assembly or commissioning by the customer or third parties, faulty or negligent handling, in particular due to inappropriate operating materials or replacement materials, defective work, inappropriate foundations, chemical, electrochemical, electrical influences, as well as non-reproducible software errors.
- If improper modifications or repair work have been performed by the customer or by third parties, no warranty shall be provided for such modifications or work and the resulting consequences, provided that the customer does not refute an appropriately substantiated allegation that one of the circumstances referred to above is caused the defect. No warranty is assumed for parts provided by the customer. The Supplier shall only be liable for faulty work carried out by personnel provided by the customer if the Supplier has given faulty instructions or violated its duty of supervision.
- In the absence of any express contractual agreement to the contrary, specifications regarding the quality, performance and durability of supplies of goods are services described in the offer, order confirmation and other contractual documents (e.g., technical data sheets, operating, maintenance and installation instructions, other written and graphic descriptions of the respective item) shall not be deemed to be a guarantee of quality and/or durability. The Supplier is not liable for advertising statements and other public statements in connection with supplies of goods and services, even if made by third parties.
- The Supplier shall be liable for supplementary performance to the same extent as for the original supply.
- The customer has the right to choose between a reduction in price or withdrawal from the contract if the supplementary performance concerned is not performed in accordance with the preceding provisions or an attempt at supplementary performance fails. Additional claims on the part of the customer related to defects are excluded, including without limitation compensation for consequential damages, such as loss of production and use as well as lost profits. The foregoing does not apply to the extent that liability is mandatory for personal injury or damages to privately used items under the Product Liability Act and in cases of wilful conduct, gross negligence or breach of material contractual obligations.

This is without prejudice to the provisions of Section X (Liability).

IX. Defects of title, industrial property rights and copyrights

If a third party asserts a legitimate claim against the customer due to an infringement of industrial property rights or copyright (hereinafter referred to as “proprietary rights”) on the part of products delivered by the Supplier and used in accordance with the contract, the Supplier shall be liable to the customer as follows

The Supplier shall, at its own expense and at its own discretion, either obtain a right of use for the product, modify the product so that the proprietary right is not infringed or may replace the product. The customer is entitled to withdraw from the contract if this is not possible for the Supplier to achieve under economically reasonable conditions. The Supplier shall likewise be entitled to withdraw from the contract under the circumstances described above. In addition, the Supplier shall indemnify the customer against undisputed or legally established claims of the respective owners of the proprietary rights.

The obligations of the Supplier described above shall only apply if the customer notifies the Supplier of any such claim asserted by a third party in writing and without undue delay, does not concede any instance of infringement and leaves any defensive measures and settlement negotiations to the discretion of the Supplier. If the customer stops using the product for reasons of damage mitigation or other good cause, it is obligated to inform the third party that the cessation of use does not imply the acknowledgement of any infringement of proprietary rights.

Claims of the customer are excluded if it is responsible for the infringement of the proprietary right concerned. Claims of the customer are further excluded to the extent that the infringement of a proprietary right is related to the specific specifications of the customer and an application that was not foreseeable by the Supplier or was the result of the circumstance that the customer modified the product or used it with products not supplied by the Supplier.

Additional claims against the Supplier are excluded.

X. Liability

The customer may withdraw from the contract in cases where full performance on the part of the Supplier becomes definitively impossible prior to the passage of risk or in cases where adherence to the contract may no longer be reasonably expected of the customer on other grounds.

Provided that mandatory provisions of law would do not conflict, all additional claims on the part of the customer, in particular conversion, termination or reduction, are excluded. Claims for damages on the part of the customer, irrespective of the legal grounds, due to breach of duties arising from the contract and impermissible acts are excluded. The foregoing does not apply in cases of mandatory liability, e.g. under the Product Liability Act, and in cases of wilful conduct, gross negligence or breach of material contractual obligations.

In the cases of damages not suffered by the delivery item itself, irrespective of legal grounds, the Supplier is only liable in cases of

- wilful conduct;
- gross negligence;
- culpable injury of life, limb or health;
- or in the case of defects which have been fraudulently concealed;
- or if the Supplier has provided a guarantee of quality and/or durability.
- With the exception of bodily injury (injury to life, limb, health), liability in the case of simple negligence is limited to foreseeable damages typical to the contract, limited however in any case to the coverage sum of the business liability insurance taken out by the Supplier (€ 2 million). The foregoing provisions do not imply a change in the burden of proof to the detriment of the customer.

XI. Product liability

If the customer, or their customers, resell the Supplier’s products to countries outside the European Economic Area, in particular to the USA, they must indemnify the Supplier against all third-party product liability to the extent they go beyond European product liability regulations.

XII. Design changes

The Supplier reserves the right to make design changes at any time. However, it is not obligated to make such changes to products that have been previously delivered.

XIII. Final provisions

Any and all amendments and additions to this agreement must be made in writing in order to be effective.

The place of performance for all obligations of both parties arising from their contractual relationship is Friedrichshafen.

The exclusive place of jurisdiction for all disputes arising directly or indirectly from this contractual relationship is Friedrichshafen.

The relationship between the Supplier and the customer shall be governed exclusively by the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany, excluding the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG).

Should any provision of this contract be or become invalid in whole or in part, or should there be a gap in this contract, this shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions. An appropriate provision shall be deemed to have been agreed in lieu of the ineffective provision or to fill the respective gap that, to the extent legally permitted, comes closest to what the parties intended.

---


## Draw Attention

### [Rockfall Monitoring in Switzerland by ImpactSentinel™](https://inglas.org/?da_image=rockfall-monitoring-switzerland)

**Published:** August 15, 2025
**Author:** Anna Anderson

---


## Categories

### [Uncategorized](https://inglas.org/category/uncategorized/)

---

### [Impact Sentinel](https://inglas.org/category/impact-sentinel/)

---

### [Hazard Detection](https://inglas.org/category/hazard-detection/)

---

### [Geohazard Monitoring](https://inglas.org/category/geohazard-monitoring/)

---


## Tags

### [Tag 2](https://inglas.org/tag/tag-2/)

---

### [Tag 5](https://inglas.org/tag/tag-5/)

---

### [rockfall monitoring](https://inglas.org/tag/rockfall-monitoring/)

---

### [landslide detection](https://inglas.org/tag/landslide-detection/)

---

### [railway safety](https://inglas.org/tag/railway-safety/)

---

### [slope monitoring](https://inglas.org/tag/slope-monitoring/)

---

### [rockfall detection](https://inglas.org/tag/rockfall-detection/)

---

### [rockfall barrier monitoring](https://inglas.org/tag/rockfall-barrier-monitoring/)

---

### [geohazard early warning](https://inglas.org/tag/geohazard-early-warning/)

---

### [rail infrastructure safety](https://inglas.org/tag/rail-infrastructure-safety/)

---

### [ImpactSentinel](https://inglas.org/tag/impactsentinel/)

---

### [slope protection](https://inglas.org/tag/slope-protection/)

---

### [retrofit monitoring](https://inglas.org/tag/retrofit-monitoring/)

---